Semiconductor materials in compound form have been extensively investigated in recent years as photoabsorber materials for thin film solar cells. The research work presented in this thesis reports the use of a number of dialkyldichalcogenophosphinatometal complexes as molecular precursors for deposition of binary, ternary and quaternary semiconductor thin films and nanoparticles. Several complexes belonging to diphenyldiselenophosphinatometal family with general formula [Mx(Ph2PSe2)y] (Where M = Cu, In, Ga, Zn, Sn Pb and Fe) have been synthesized in high yield by a new efficient and reproducible method. Similarly, a number of diisobutyldithiophosphinatometal complexes [Mx(iBu2PS2)y] (Where M = Cu, In, Ga, Zn, Sn, Pb, and Fe) have been synthesized by a facile and reproducible approach utilizing commercially available ligand. The assynthesized complexes have been characterized using mass spectrometry, NMR (1H and 13C) spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Thermogravimetric analyses were carried out to study the degradation of these complexes under the influence of temperature.These complexes have been used as single source precursors (SSPs) for deposition of binary metal selenide (Cu2-xSe, In2Se3, ZnSe, and PbSe) and metal sulfide (Cu2-xS, In2S3, ZnS and PbS) thin films by aerosol-assisted chemical vapour deposition (AACVD). Similarly, thin films of ternary semiconductor materials (CuInSe2, CuGaSe2, Cu2SnSe3, CuFeSe2, CuInS2, CuGaS2, Cu2SnS3, CuFeS2) as well as quaternary materials (CuIn1xGaxSe2, CuIn1-xGaxS2, Cu2ZnSnSe4 and Cu2ZnSnS4) have been deposited using suitable molar combinations of these molecular precursors in AACVD experiments.Depositions were carried out at four different temperatures (350, 400, 450 and 500 °C) to study the influence of deposition temperature on morphology, mean diameter, stoichiometry and crystallographic phase of the deposited material. Similarly, parametric studies were also undertaken to investigate the effect of solvent, precursor concentration and carrier gas flow rate on quality of the deposited thin films. Characterization of the thin films was carried out by powder X-ray diffraction (p-XRD) studies, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Significant variation of grain size, shape, stoichiometry and phase structure was observed by varying the deposition parameters, particularly the deposition temperature. In short, a range of materials has been deposited by AACVD, with good control over properties of the material like crystallographic phase, stoichiometry and morphology of the crystallites. Keeping in view the recent trend of using semiconductor nanocrystals as solar inks for deposition of photoabsorber layer in solar cells, diphenyldiselenophosphinatometal and diisobutyldithiophosphinatometal complexes have also been used for colloidal preparation of binary, ternary, and quaternary semiconductor nanoparticles. Effect of various nanoparticles growth parameters like growth temperature, reaction duration and precursors concentration was investigated in detail. Nanocrystals were characterized by p-XRD studies, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Band gaps of the asgrown nanocrystals were determined by using Tauc plots drawn from UV-Vis-NIR absorption data. It was demonstrated that mean diameter, morphology and band gap of the nanocrystals could be controlled by judicious choice of the growth parameters. Furthermore, stoichiometry of the as-grown nanoparticles could also be controlled by suitably adjusting the molar ratios of molecular precursors used in the reaction. Good quality, phase pure and monodispersed nanoparticles have been prepared by thermolytic degradation of these dialkyldichalcogenophosphinatometal precursors. In conclusion, a comprehensive study on preparation of a wide range of semiconductor nanoparticles, by using molecular precursors approach, has been carried out. These nanoparticles may potentially be used as solar inks, thus providing an attractive alternative route for deposition of photoabsorber layer in thin film solar cells. The upshot of this novel study is that a facile and effective alternate route for deposition of wide ranging semiconductor thin films and nanoparticles, using dialkyldichalcogenophosphinato-metal precursors, has been developed. This molecular precursor route offers the possibility for judicious tuning of material properties for their optimal utilization in solar cell applications, thus providing a viable solution of energy shortage through a renewable route.
آصف فیملی پارک دی سیر آصف فیملی پارک میں پہلی وار ویکھیا اجمیری مسجد دا سوہنا گنبد باشکل مزار ویکھیا الحاج احمد علی ہے نیک نمازی بندہ رب دا پیارا مسجداں اُتے خرچ کریندا اوہدی زندگی دا ورتارا بہاول نگر دی ممتاز شخصیت عزت کرے جگ سارا غریباں تے مسکیناں دا اوہنوں غمخوار ویکھیا ایڈا سوہنا فیملی پارک ہر کوئی ویکھن آوے ویکھن والا دوجی واری فیملی نال لیاوے رات گئے تک گھمے پھرے اوہ بہتیاں خوشیاں پاوے میں وی جا جا پارک نوں ہے بار بار ویکھیا پارک دے وچ گھمن والے رج رج خوشیان پاون ہر طرح دے کھانے پکن جو دل چاہوے کھاون چنگے ذائقے والی چائے ٹھاکر ہوریں پلاون ایہو جیا ذائقہ تاں اساں نہ کدی بازار ویکھیا
کڑیاں وی کدی سیر بہانے فیملی دے نال آندیاں نیں مہک پھلاں دیں پہل موراں دی پیاں اپنا دل پرچاندیاں نیں دوجی واری نال سہلیاں ول ول اوتھے آندیاں نیں کشتی رانی دے وچ وی بیٹھیا میں انہاں نوں کئی وار ویکھیا سوہنی اُچی پہاڑی ویکھ کے خوشیاں ہون دوبالا مست ہوا دے جھولے آون کوئی سمجھے درداں والا ملے سکون تے فرحت ایتھے دکھ رب کریم نے ٹالا مہماناں نے وی ایہہ رونق میلا عین جاندی واری ویکھیا فیملی پارک دے کبوتر وی پئے ہو ہو کردے نیں بند ر بچیاں کولوں چیزاں لے لے پیٹ اپنا پئے بھردے نیں موراں نے جد پہلاں پایاں خوشی دے بدل ورہدے نیں نقد و نقد ی خوشیاں ملیاں ناں اساں کدی اودھار ویکھیا ساز آواز سریلی ایسی دل چ اتردی جاوے عطاء اللہ دی طرز سی ساری ہر ہک نوں پئی بھاوے کونج وچھڑ گئی ڈاروں ایویں وچھڑیاں دی...
This study aims to discuss the relationship between competence and job satisfaction on the performance of private Madrasah Tsanawiyah teachers in the city of Surabaya. The research method used is the type of research used that is explanatory with a quantitative approach with a sample size of 244 of 628 teachers from 44 private Madrasah Tsanawiyah in the city of Surabaya). The results showed that teachers’ competence had an effect on teachers’ job satisfaction with a value of 0.184. Teachers’ competence affected teachers’performance with a value of 0.118. Teachers’ job satisfaction affected teachers’ performance with a value of 0.222. Teachers’ job satisfaction on teachers’ performance showed a high influence with a CR value of 2.772 (greater than 2.00) and a significance level (p-value) of 0.006 (less than 5%). It can be concluded that teachers’ competence affected teachers’ job satisfaction and teachers’ competence affected teachers’ performance. Teachers’ job satisfaction had a strong effect on teachers’ performance.
Dynamics of particles around black holes is one of the interesting topics in general relativity. It helps us in understanding the geometrical structure of the spacetime around black holes. Geodesics of particles may display a rich structure and they can convey very reliable facts to understand the geometry of black holes. Also black holes and thermodynamics have an intimate connection and it is interesting to study thermodynamics at black hole horizons. In this thesis we have studied the e ect of a magneticeld on 3-dimensional dynamics of charged particles in the vicinity of weakly magnetized black holes. We have considered the dynamics of test particles (both neutral and charged) moving in the vicinity of black holes, falling freely from in nity. Timelike geodesics of particles, their escaping behavior from the vicinity of black holes, e ective potentials, and center of mass energies of colliding particles are studied in detail for the following black holes: (i) The Reissner-Nordström black hole surrounded by quintessence (ii) Weakly magnetized Kiselev solution and (iii) weakly magnetised Reissner-Nordstöm black hole. E ect of the geometry of spacetimes on the motion of particles is investigated. To bring the thermodynamics of black holes into the account we have also determined products of black hole thermodynamics parameters at horizons of the Kiselev solution. In therst chapter of the thesis basic concepts of black holes are brie y reviewed. 4 5 In the second chapter we have investigated non-singular coordinates for the Reissner-Nordström black hole surrounded by quintessence. Geodesics of particles are unde ned at horizons of a black hole. This could be avoided by removing the coordinate singularity of the spacetime. By studying the non-singular coordinate system we have obtained timelike geodesics in the new coordinate system. It is emphasized that complete geodesics of the particle can be obtained by removing the coordinate singularity. In the third and fourth chapters we have studied the dynamics of particles in the geometry of a weakly magnetized Schwarzschild black hole surrounded by quintessence and weakly magnetised Reissner-Nordström black hole respectively. Equations of motion are derived using Euler-Lagrange equations. Trajectories of escaping particles are obtained and the e ect of magneticeld on trajectories is analysed. In thefth chapter, we have discussed some aspects of thermodynamics for the Kiselev solution. The study includes products of thermodynamics parameters at horizons of black holes.