Three greenhouses (sheds) were built at the University Research Farm. Construction materials of the sheds included galvanized mild steel frames of square pipes were from indigenous origin in order to reduce the initial cost of the structure. Roofs of the greenhouses were kept as truss structures. Each of the three sheds was differently clad for investigating the efficacy of materials in managing light and heat for the inside plants. The cladding materials included polythene, fiber glass, polythene and insect-screen. Two of the sheds were equipped with cooling pads and exhaust fans on the opposite walls for temperature control, whereas temperature regulation in the third shed is through natural ventilation. Five growth media (coco imported, indigenous coco, indigenous coco plus 25 percent zero grade stone crush by weight, rice husk, and rice husk plus 25 percent zero grade stone crush by weight), and three media carriers (plastic slabs 102.0 cm × 20.3 cm × 7.6 cm, PVC pipes 30.5 cm long, 11 cm diameter and used plastic bottles of 2.5 liters having 33 cm length and 10 cm diameter on top side) were selected. During experimentation, climatic variables such as light intensity, temperature and humidity inside the shed were monitored in the greenhouses. Nutrient rich solution was applied using drip irrigation. Crop growth parameters like plant height, stem diameter, number of flowers trusses number of clusters and inter nodal distance were evaluated at appropriate time intervals for retrieving useful information and preparation of recommendations for the end users interested in hydroponics agriculture. Roof cladding of greenhouses with insect-screen over polythene registered ideal performance. Polythene cladding of walls demanded careful handling during construction as well as operation. Fiberglass indicated little or no signs of aging after two years of cropping. The average weights of ripened fruits are 7.94, 6.57 and 4.37 kilograms per plant for polythene, fiberglass and insect-screen plus polythene clad greenhouses respectively. Coco-imported scored highest position among other growing substrates with rice husk at the second position in terms of crop responses. Coco-indigenous had comparably low performance that may be associated with its unskilled preparation technique alone. For second cropping season coco-imported performed the best among the growing materials showing a yield of 7.5 kilograms per plant that amounts to 90 tons of tomatoes per acre. If the tomato is sold at rate of Rs.50/kg, the turnout from the acre would be 4.5 million PKR.
مظہر امام /پروفیسر شہریار/پروفیسر مغنی تبسم افسوس اس ماہ فروری میں اردو کے آسماں پر درخشاں، چند ستاروں کے چھپ جانے سے اردو دنیا کی رونق میں کمی آگئی، جناب مظہر امام ، پروفیسر شہریار ، پروفیسر مغنی تبسم یکے بعد دیگرے رخصت ہوئے، مظہر امام کی شناخت آزاد غزل کے حوالے سے ہے، کئی شعری اور تنقیدی کتابوں کے مصنف تھے، پروفیسر شہریار اور پروفیسر مغنی تبسم، ہندوستان کی دو ممتاز جامعات یعنی مسلم یونیورسٹی اور جامعہ عثمانیہ میں اردو کے کامیاب اور نامور استاد ہی نہیں، شعرو ادب کی دنیا میں صاحب مرتبہ و مقام بھی تھے، شہریار کی شہرت گو ان کی زندگی کے دور آخر میں خوشبو کی طرح عام ہوئی لیکن نشاط غم اور رنج شادمانی کے مختصر اور فانی لمحات کا ساتھ عمر بھر رہا، ان کی شہرت کے شہپر جب سمٹے ہوئے تھے اس وقت بھی انہوں نے اس خاموشی کو بلیغ معانی دیے تھے، خواب، رات، دیار، پرچھائیں، سفر، تشنہ لبی کے پردے میں وہ دیار دل اور بزم دوستاں تلاش کرتے رہے، مغنی تبسم شہریار کے پیشہ تدریس میں ہی شریک نہیں رسالہ شعرو حکمت میں بھی برابر کے سہیم تھے، وہ حیدرآباد کے دائرہ ادبیات اردو اور رسالہ سب رس سے مدتوں وابستہ رہے، فانی بدایونی پر تحقیق کی تھی، درجنوں کتابیں لکھیں، عجیب بات ہے کہ ادبی سفر میں مغنی تبسم اور شہریار ساتھ ساتھ رہے، ابدی سفر میں بھی یہ رفاقت قائم رہی، شہریار کے نام ایک خط میں مغنی تبسم نے لکھا تھا کہ ’’شاعری تو ایسی چیز ہے جو خدا، انسان اور کائنات کے درمیان پچھلی راتوں کا دعائیہ بن جاتی ہے، کتنے لوگ ہیں جوان ساعتوں میں دست دعا دراز کرتے ہیں‘‘، مغفرت کے لیے کوئی عمل یا کوئی قول کام آسکتا ہے، ہمارا دست دعا بھی اسی لیے دراز ہے۔...
Tafarrud (Strangeness) of a Hadith means reporting by only a single narrator at some stage of the Isnad. This is not necessary that any Tafarrud (Strangeness) of a Hadith should be weak (Da’if), because the narrator of such Hadith may make mistake in reporting and may be right. The authenticity of such Hadith rather depends on other factors such as: The reliability of the narrator of Strange Hadith. The earlier stage of the Isnad where Tafarrud (Strangeness) is founded. Close relation of the narrator with the teacher (sheikh). Acceptance of Strange Hadith by renowned authorities in Hadeeth. Another narrator authenticating the first narrator’s account of the strange hadith. Therefore Tafarrud (Strangeness) of a Hadith should be studied in the light of these factors that determines acceptability. This paper studies Tafarrud (Strangeness) of a Hadith in the light of these factors.
Species composition and vegetation structure of Western Himalayan alpine and subalpine highlands are among the key components of regional biodiversity. The current research project was designed to investigate the species composition, distribution pattern, conservation status, ecosystem services and sustainability of sub alpine and alpine vegetation zones with reference to environmental and anthropogenic variables in the state of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK), Pakistan. Field sampling was carried out at 56 sites in an altitudinal range of 2700 to 4400m in 5 districts of AJK following standard phytosociological protocols. Results revealed a total of 517 plant species recorded from the study area belonging to 78 families and 239 genera; including 9 trees, 51 shrubs, 48 Pteridophytes and 407 herbs. Highland flora showed overwhelming (63.05%) dominance of 14 plant families contributing 326 species out of the total 517 recorded species. Asteraceae was the largest recorded family with 54 species followed by Rosaceae (37 species), Poaceae (35 species) and Lamiaceae (29 species). Analysis of the Biological spectrum of the highland flora revealed Hemicryptophytes as the dominant Life form with 211 species constituting 40.81 % of the local flora whereas Micorphylls were found to be the dominant leaf spectrum with 185 Species (35.78 %). A total of 56 plant communities were established at the sampling sites on the basis of Importance Value Index (IVI) with Salix flabellaris as the most dominant plant species with an IVI of 11.31 followed by Juncus membraneous (10.03), Abies pindrow (9.21), Betula utilus (8.02) and Pinus wallichiana (5.38).The average value of Simpson’s diversity index was calculated to be of 0.92 whereas Shannon-Weiner diversity index as 3.16 for the studied communities. The local flora exhibited an average Menhinick’s richness value of 2.26 with an evenness of 0.62. Plant communities showed an immature succession rate with a low value of community maturity index recorded as 19.13 % attributed to the anthropogenic disturbances and climatic harshness. The contribution of ecosystem services provided by the alpine and subalpine in livelihood of local communities was assessed through socioeconomic surveys in ten remote valleys of AJK. Study area showed large family and herd sizes of 8.95 and 17.96 respectively with a small average land holding of 2.13 ha and an available grazing area of just 0.683. Data revealed 67 plant species having indigenous ethnomedicinal utilizations whereas 24 plant species were used for treatment of veterinary ailments. Wild vegetables were found to be an important component of local food with a total of 34 herb species whereas 53 plant species were recorded to be used as fodder. Collection and trade of 8 mushroom species, especially Morchella esculenta from the forest areas were identified as a significant source of income for locals. Local communities were totally dependent upon the forests for the fuel wood with an average annual consumption of 269 tons/ household. Current study identified anthropogenic impacts including deforestation, overgrazing, overexploitation of medicinal plants and soil erosion as serious threats to the local plant biodiversity. A total of 45 plant species were found to be seriously threatened having very low (<0.05) IVI values in the area. Results of the study might be helpful for the researchers and policy makers to take steps for the conservation of threatened and rare species in the subalpine and alpine vegetation types. We recommend Improvement and implementation of local conservation strategies with an integrated approach involving the local community, government departments and researchers to protect these fragile but immensely important sub alpine and alpine vegetation ecosystems in western Himalayan region of AJK.