Mechanical wheat threshing has gained a spectacular popularity in Pakistan over a short span of time and so is the population of beater-wheat threshers that are being manufactured and marketed by the roadside vendors with little scientific and engineering experience. In fact, the major problems on conventional threshers have been identified as bulky weight, poor machine performance, human accidents and a high fuel consumption rate. Therefore, there was a dire need of research in Pakistan for modification and improvements in the prevalent design of the conventional wheat thresher to bring about durability, reduction in weight of machine and grain losses in addition to an accident free and cost effective thresher. A review of the indigenous thresher suggests presence of three heavy flywheels with little scientific argument and similarly poorly designed beaters/spikes and five rings on the beater-drum appear injudicious and unscientific. A horizontal throw of straw from the exhaust-blower takes away a noticeable amount of grains with it. Indigenous threshers have witnessed terrifying accidents for the persons feeding the material. The local manufacturers least care about the fabrication drawings of the conventional machines and therefore their knowledge of manufacturing is restricted to the whims and wishes of “ustad-shagird” (seniors, juniors).In view of above mentioned problems, the present study hypothesizes engineering oriented solutions for the ill-designs of the conventional threshers. Modified designs and fabrication drawings of various components such as flywheel, beater, beater drum, blower and feeding conveyer were prepared. Both machines were operated during the wheat threshing seasons for two consecutive years at farmer’s field. During threshing seasons 2011-2012 farmers were interviewed about this new design. Their comments were commamorable. Major hindrance in purchasing conventional thresher is high cost. Total weight of redesigned wheat thresher was reduced from 1600 kg to 1300 kg by improving beaters in thresher drum and the grain damage in redesigned thresher reduced four times, thereby saving buying cost about Rs. 50,000 The mean threshing efficiency is increased from 98% to 99%.The replacement of the three flywheels by one wheel of required size saved 24.37 kN-m energy. The fluctuation in speed was reduced to 2.055 times and coefficient of energy two times than that of conventional thresher. By redesigning and redeveloping the direction of fan blower exhaust, the mean grain cleaning efficiency improved from 97.44 to 98.18% causing elimination of grain loss through straw blowing process. In improving the crop feeding system by designing, developing and fabricating a new conveyor, not only smooth uniform feed rate was achieved and saving of 1.3L/hr (15Kw) was assured. 40-66 % vibrations were eliminated on major components of redesigned thresher.
سلام جس نے خواب کے دین۔۔۔سحر کے ایمان کو! روشن استعاروں میں گونجتی اذان کو! چاہتوں کے شفیق موسموں میں سمو کر! چاروں سمتوں کے سنگم پر۔۔۔ تطہیر کساء کا پانچواں چراغ روشن کیا اس حسینؑ ابن حیدر پہ لاکھوں سلام جس نے موت کی نبض پر ہاتھ رکھ کر۔۔۔! نوک نیزہ پہ سورہ کہف کی! توریت والانجیل کی گرھیں کھول دیں سرمئی لوح کی رگوں میں سبز زندگی بھرتے ہوئے! جس نے میزان حق میں! در ِ وفا ۔۔۔شہر وفا کی آبرو تول دی اس حسینؑ ابن علی ؑ پہ لاکھوں سلام بنتِ محمدؑ و علی ؑ پہ درود و سلام
میں مختلف خیالوں میں الجھا ہوا تھا۔ لیکن بہلول نے محبت کی باتوں میں مختلف تلازموں کو واضع کرنا شروع کر دیا تھا۔ میں انسانی نمود اختیار میں محبت کی داخلی اور خارجی کیفیتوں میں جنگ سے کتراتے ہوئے،۔۔۔خیال، آرزو اور چاہت کے دامن تھامتے ہوئے، تنہائی پہ فریفتہ گزرتے لمحوں کے درمیان احساس تازگی کی وسعتوں میں جو بھی سوچتا۔ وہ نثری نظم یا نثم کی شکل میں ہی سوچتا۔ حالانکہ میرنے نزدیک نثری نظم اپنی شکل، کرافٹ اور ’’انزلنا ھو فی لیلۃ القدر‘‘ کی ہمرا ز نظر آتی ہے۔ جب کہ نثم کے نام کو عقلیہ کی تخلیقی جامعات میں اصلاحی دائرے میں ملنساری کی تہذیب کے طرز عمر کی لمبی مسافتوں کے بعد سامنے لایا گیا ہے۔ ان دونوں اصناف یا ایک ہی صنف کے دو نام کہہ دیا جائے۔ مجھے اس سے کوئی مسئلہ نہیں۔ لیکن ریاض مجید کے حوالے سے اکثر مختلف شعراء سے باتیں ہوتی رہی ہیں۔ اس میں بحث کا لفظ جان بوجھ کر حذف کیا ہے۔ اس میں جناب خالد احمد صاحب، مقصود عامرصاحب، جواز جعفری صاحب،انہیں نثم سے بھی کوئی مسئلہ نہیں۔ جناب وجہی صاحب، اقبال سید صاحب، روش ندیم صاحب،...
Fine Arts, shows the aesthetic side of any society and it is very important part of any culture, as its presence expresses the cultural diversity and richness and connects different segments of society. This article throws a light on the fine arts of Makkah society before the Prophet Hood. It is very common among historians and orientalists to accuse the society of Makkah void of any cultural expression apart from its love for poetry, which is not true. The matter of the fact is that this society was fully developed aesthetically despite its nomadic and barren desert life. The cultural expressions of storytelling, poetry, architecture, painting, sculpture making were true and pure to this part of world without any influence from outside world. The tradition of storytelling was an essential element of Makkah cultural life and it was common among the elite of Makkah to have night sittings, where along with drinking, music they used to narrate anecdotes of past. Although the architecture of Makkah people was simple, it was self-sufficient to the needs of the environment. This research paper is an attempt to look into the various forms of Fine Arts of Makkah and how these expressions were deeply embedded in the society.
‘’An abstract can offer a valuable opportunity to inform a wide audience, to capture potential readers, and to expand your own interactive professional network. Whether others will pursue their reading may depend largely on their assessment of your abstract’’. (Wolcott, 1990 cited in Silverman, 2000; p. 223). Professional Development Teachers (PDTs) have a demanding role in their respective education systems and their role perception in general is not confined to only a practicing classroom teacher but more than that. This study seeks to explore as how PDTs, in a semi-private education system, came to work together to benefit their own system schools from their expertise and learning from the graduate programme at AKU-IED. The study looks into the processes, successes and challenges of a team effort or network structure of the PDTs in a semi-private education system. The significant purpose of this network is building capacity and facilitating the process of teaching and learning in the system schools. The study will delve into how this effort leads to school improvement and what were the facilitating factors and challenges of this teamwork structure. Literature from the perspective of network structure, professional development and school improvement provides a theoretical framework. The study aims to investigate and capture the reactions of the research participants in their natural setting. To conduct this study a semi-private education system was identified where the PDTs were found working together. Research data is collected by means of interviews, observations, shadowing (non-participatory observations) and document analysis. The result of the systematic data collection and analysis enabled the researcher to derive the themes, which describe the network process. The themes contributed to and link with some theory enabling conclusions to be drawn from the research. Finally the implications of the study are discussed together with recommendations and suggestions. Working together is a facilitative approach as well as a challenging task and there is a need to set some common vision that leads to some purposive structure formation. To realize the vision, identifying the potential group of people and designing a progress plan are important factors along with the basic requirements of resources, opportunities and rewards/incentives.