The current study reveals various features that can affect the gasification process to improve syngas quality and yield. A comprehensive study was carried out using a 24 kW downdraft gasifier to evaluate the effect of uniformly distributed air in the oxidation zone, additional throat on the gasifier internal thermal profile distribution and the overall gasification process. The effect of biomass moisture, equivalence ratio, gasifying agent type and pre-treatment of the gasifying agent on producer gas yield and composition were also evaluated. The gasifier unit was equipped with cyclone separator, wet scrubber, water gas separator, biomass filter, auxiliary filter, cooling tower and vapour compression refrigeration system. The maximum flow rate of producer gas was found to be 90-104 m3h-1 under the biomass feeding range of 30-40 kgh-1. When corn cobs and waste wood (carpenter waste) with moisture content from 5-30% were used as feed stock, with 70ºC air as the oxidizing agent, the energy value of the producer gas obtained was 6.31 and 6.66 MJm-3, respectively. The heating value was improved to 6.72 and 8.43 MJm-3 when using 150ºC air-steam mixture as the gasifying agent, with the optimum equivalence ratio of 0.30. The Methane, Hydrogen and Carbon monoxide concentration (on volume basis) were found to be 6.20, 19.32 and 21.00%. The average amount of syngas produced from one kg of corn cobs and waste wood were 2.94 and 2.62 m3, while the average amount of tar produced was 2.2 and 1.8 gNm-3 respectively. The efficiency of cleaning and cooling system were found to be 86.81 and 92.06%. The experimental research concluded that uniformly distributed air in the combustion zone as an interconnected parameter with biomass moisture level, type of gasifying medium and pre-treatment/pre-heating of gasifying agent played a vital role in affecting the syn gas production and composition. Keywords: Gasification, Gasifier, Equivalence ratio, Gasifying agent, Pre-treatment, Syngas.
Ideological Challenges of Atheism to the Muslim Societies and their Solutions from Islamic Perspective It’s a matter of fact that Muslim Societies are facing many socio-political and religious challenges within contemporary dominant waves of thought. One of the serious challenges being faced by the Muslim in the current scenario is Atheism. Although in past era, the Atheism couldn’t become influential with general acceptance of commoners but recently, the ideology of Atheism is spreading fast with statistically reported impact on all religions and civilizations. Atheism is a lack of belief in God, gods or any supernatural being along with the rejection of belief that any deities exist. The philosophy of atheism is nothing new, but it has changed its manifestations over a period. This is obvious that Atheism has now become a serious challenge ideologically and morally for Muslim societies. We are living in a fast-changing society, where preservation of Islamic belief is a challenging task particularly for the new young generation and modern educated lot. Atheists use every possible and available mean and tool for preaching their thoughts and beliefs i.e. Print media, electronic media and above all social media. In this context, this study will explore the questions that; what are the effects of Atheism in Muslim Societies and what is its solution in Islamic perspective? Analytical research methodology will be used in this study. This study perceives that the public and private sector universities are the soft target of Atheism. There is suggested legal, ethical & ideological mechanisms to protect Muslim Societies from threat of Atheism.
The study examined the influence of rewards (payment, promotion, recognition and benefits) on employee
work motivation. Subjects for the study consisted of one hundred and sixty seven employees of commercial
banks of Kohat, Pakistan. Data for the study were gathered through the administration of questionnaire. The
data collected was subjected to appropriate statistical analysis using "Pearson Product Moment Correlation
Coefficient and Analysis of Variance", all the findings were tested at 0.01 level of significance.
The results obtained from the analysis showed that there existed strong relationship between rewards and
employee motivation in commercial banks of Pakistan. The results also indicated that women experienced
lower levels of motivation based on rewards they received .On the basis of these findings implications of the
findings for future study were highlighted.