EFFECTS OF BOWEN THERAPY IN PATIENTS WITH TENSION-TYPE HEADACHE: A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL

Background and Aim: Bowen therapy is a non-pharmacological method for treating a variety of pain conditions, but its effectiveness in treating tension-type headaches is unknown. We compared the effectiveness of Bowen therapy to a sham treatment. Methodology: In a multi-center randomized controlled trial, the young adults with a tension-type headache were selected from the Neurology Department of DHQ hospital Sargodha and Niazi Medical Complex, Sargodha, with convenient sampling. A priori sample size calculation determined that 44 participants were needed. The participants were randomly assigned to two groups. Bowen Therapy (n=22) and Sham Treatment (n=22) groups were enrolled. The Bowen therapy was devised for two weeks. The measurement was taken at baseline and after two weeks. SPSS 22 was used for data analysis. Results: At baseline, there was no difference found in the Bowen therapy and Sham treatment groups. We have noticed a significant decrease in the severity of pain and improvement in pain pressure threshold assessed by the visual analogue scale (VAS) and algometer in the Bowen therapy group after two weeks (<0.05). However, no changes in pain intensity were found in the sham therapy group. Furthermore, the headache frequency was also reduced in Bowen therapy compared to the sham therapy group (<0.05) after the study period. Conclusion: The findings suggest that Bowen Therapy might be a beneficial and effective treatment for a tension-type headache. Further studies are needed using older adult’s participants.

Financial Signaling and Information Asymmetries in Debt Vs. Equity The Theory and Empirics Among Emerging and Transitional Market: Perspective from Pakistan

This study examines the relative effect of capital structure theories and the determinants to establish best understanding of the most appropriate theory to explain debt vs. equity hypothesis and the behavior of firms. The theories provide theoretical basis to compare with empirical findings of quantitative analysis. This study covers the period from the period 2001 to 2010 of listed companies of Karachi Stock Exchange, Pakistan. It is obvious that determinants of capital structure affect the choice of debt vs. equity in emerging and transitional economies. A number of econometric models from OLS to EBA are being used to identify the empirical evidences for this perspective. The results reveal that seven variables: investment growth opportunity (IGO), agency cost (AC), liquidity (CR), financial flexibility (FF), free cash flows (FCF), tax effect (DP) and interest rate (IR) have robust - signaling relationship and highly sensitive to debt vs. equity. This study explains the financial signaling and asymmetry of information risk due to debt vs. equity decisions. For the whole sample period, the study found evidence of financial signaling and information asymmetries of risk due to Debt vs. Equity decisions. There is a significant effect of the systematic risk (β), should also report about the persistence of negative effect during the sample period. There is a significant effect of the interest rate (IR). The empirical results report about the persistence of interest rate (IR) negative effect during the sample period. It is observed and resulted that increase in debt vs. equity negatively associated with the value of the firm. This proved inverse relationship among debt vs. equity and firm value variables. This showed inconsistency of prior findings as Modigliani and Miller (1958) theory that the market value is irrelevant to financial policy. The results presented that corporate corporate governance (CG) has significant effect on firm performance (FP) under transaction cost economics theory and good management theory. It is obvious from the results that corporate governance (CG) has significant effect on the firm value. In addition, it is also shown that corporate governance (CG) does have mediating and moderating effect in between the corporate financial structure (CFS) and firm value. The negative relationship shows an agency problem. Therefore, the investors do not have the equal information of the particular firm as the manager holds. Furthermore, the financial signaling and asymmetries of information hypothesis reflected that choice of debt or equity must have influence the behavior of the investor due to information asymmetries, it is seen negative and increase threaten of bankruptcy and financial distress. It is found that product and asset specificity diversification have a significant relationship with capital structure for best alignment of cost with trade off signaling and asymmetric risk. However, Extreme Bound Analysis (EBA) an econometric technique is used to analyze the variables and investigates the significant empirical findings. The empirical findings of the study have implications for risk management appropriately to reflect the effect on financial decisions in emerging and transitional economies.