Search or add a thesis

Advanced Search (Beta)
Home > Design, Formulation and Evaluation of Controlled Release Tablets of Selected Non-Steroidal Anti- Inflammatory Drugs

Design, Formulation and Evaluation of Controlled Release Tablets of Selected Non-Steroidal Anti- Inflammatory Drugs

Thesis Info

Access Option

External Link

Author

Muhammad Akhlaq

Program

PhD

Institute

Gomal University

City

Dera Ismail Khan

Province

KPK

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2010

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Applied Sciences

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/1229

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676725827600

Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

Join our Whatsapp Channel to get regular updates.

Similar


The present study aims to design, formulate and evaluate Flurbiprofen (FLB) and Diclofenac Sodium (DCL-Na) once-daily controlled release 100 mg tablets, using various grades of Ethocel® ethylcellulose ether derivative polymer both in-vitro and iv-vivo. FLB and DCL-Na are widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, usually recommended in steroid therapy, and for symptomatic relief of dysmenorrhoea. Optimization of drug substances throughout the determination of some physical and chemical properties is authoritatively ordered in the development of a stable, effective, safe, and reproducible dosage form. The bioavailability of these drugs in gastrointestinal tract is dissolution rate limited. Therefore, during our preformulation work, our efforts encompassed the detailed study of parameters such as particle size, particle size distribution, pH solubility profiles and dissolution behavior of FLB and DCL-Na powders. Differential scanning calorimetery (DSC), Fourier transform infra-red absorption spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffractomertery (XRD) were exploited as the characterization and evaluation techniques. Solid dispersions of each of FLB and DCL-Na drugs were prepared by solvent evaporation technique. Drug powders, physical mixtures and solid dispersions of each of the drugs were evaluated by different physical methods, including bulk density, tapped density, hausner’s ratio, angle of repose and compressibility index. Different bio-polymeric approaches have been used to the drug release rate and to maintain a steady state plasma concentration throughout the treatment time. Ethylcellulose ether derivative polymers were used to design and formulate oral controlled release hydrophobic matrix tablets prepared by direct compression technique, using a single punch machine. Tablets were subjected to various physical and quality control tests, including thickness, diameter, weight variation, hardness, friability and content uniformity. Tablets were subjected to dissolution test for in-vitro release studies. Later, different kinetic parameters were applied to investigate the drug release mechanism from the polymer based matrix tablets. Diffusion controlled pH independent release with desired zero order kinetics for both the FLB and DCL-Na drugs was an important achievement planned into once-daily controlled released matrix tablets. The controlled released matrix tablets, each of FLB and DCL-Na, containing 30% Ethocel® Standard 7 FP Premium were selected as optimized tablets for further pharmacokinetic studies. Stability of the selected tablets of both FLB and DCL-Na drugs was observed during the short term accelerated stability studies. After selecting optimized test tablets of both FLB and DCL-Na drugs, in-vivo studies were conducted using albino rabbits, using HPLC-based simple, rapid and validated methods. The test ad market formulation were given to the rabbits already fasted for 24 hours. Blood samples were collected from marginal ear vein at predetermined time intervals for 42 hours, and were analyzed by HPLC developed method. In order to investigate the release mechanism in-vivo, various pharmacokinetic parameters, including Cmax, Tmax, AUC0-24, AUC0-inf, MRT, t1/2 and Cltotal for test and reference tablets, were obtained using kinetica software. The best mode of particle size distribution (80-100 μm) of both FLB and DCL-Na was best dissolved in the pH 7.4 phosphate buffer solution and gave maximum absorbance at 247 and 276 nm, respectively. Physical evaluation of the starting materials, including bulk density ranged from 0.250±0.09 to 0.388±0.02, tapped density from 0.250±0.09 to 0.398±0.07, hausner’s ratio from 1.01±0.01 to 1.34±0.08, angle of repose from 11.53 ̊±0.09 to 29.88±0.01, and percent compressibility ranged from 11.21±0.02 to 28.55±0.01%, which were found to be in the best acceptable range, reported in literature. These results showed Ethocel® standard 7 FP premium alone sequentially extended the release of drugs up to 24 hours. Ethocel® helped in maintaining the drugs knotted in its viscous gel layer. The drug release rate could be altered by polymer concentration and particle size. The inclusion of HPMC likely caused slow hydration leading to erosion and drug release by diffusion. While, CMC and Starch-based formulation showed the burst release and completely disintegrated within two hours. Simple and rapid HPLC methods were developed both for FLB and DCL-Na drugs with short retention time of 3.2 and 5.9 minutes, respectively. Optimum levels of both the FLB and DCL-Na Serum concentrations (Cmax) were observed forecasting minimum chances of adverse effects. Significantly prolonged tmax of the test tablets of both FLB and DCL-Na indicated smooth and extended absorption phase of the drugs under study. A good co-relation between the in-vitro drug release and in-vivo drug absorption of the drugs was observed. It was also observed that the area under curves (AUCs) of test tablets and reference tablets were not significantly different (p<0.05) from each other in case of both FLB and DCL-Na drugs. It was concluded that (Ethocel®) ethycellulose ether derivative polymer could be used to prepare once-daily controlled release matrix tablets of FLB and DCL-Na non-steroidal anti- inflammatory drugs.
Loading...
Loading...

Similar Books

Loading...

Similar Chapters

Loading...

Similar News

Loading...

Similar Articles

Loading...

Similar Article Headings

Loading...

اسمِ اعظم کے وہ اسرار کو پالیتے ہیں

اسمِ اعظم کے وہ اسرار کو پا لیتے ہیں
’’عشقِ سرکاؐر جو سینے میں بسا لیتے ہیں‘‘

نعمتِ عُظمیٰ کا فیضان انہیں ملتا ہے
جو درِ قدس پہ دامن کو بچھا لیتے ہیں

اُن کو آتے ہیں نظر نورِ ہدیٰ کے جلوے
خاک طیبہ کی جو آنکھوں میں لگا لیتے ہیں

ہر صحابیؓ کا یہ مسلک ہے کہ رودادِ الم
جنؐ کی سُنتا ہے خدا اُنؐ کو سُنا لیتے ہیں

روزنِ چشمِ تصوّر سے اُنہیںؐ دیکھتے ہیں
دوریوں میں یوں حضوری کا مزا لیتے ہیں

شوقِ طیبہ کا شجر سوکھنے کب دیتے ہیں
اشکِ ہجراں کا اِسے پانی لگا لیتے ہیں

اُن کی سانسوں میں بسی خلدِ بریں کی خوشبو
شہرِ طیبہ کی جو عرفانؔ ہوا لیتے ہیں

رویہ صارف (Consumer Behavior) اور اسلامی اخلاقیات

Consumer Behavior means behavior of consumers about buying goods and services in the market. Consumer behavior entails all activities associated with the purchase, use and disposal of goods and services, including the consumer emotional, mental and behavioral responses that precede or follow these activities. The following article discusses consumer behavior in the light of Islamic ethics, and explains different aspects of consumer behavior according to Islamic moral values and also given suggestions to consumers and marketers to adopt Islamic buying and selling behavior, which is beneficial not only for individual but also to human as a whole. The consumer behavior in the modern capitalist economy plays very important role, not only in consumption but also in the production and services.

Pakistan-Us Relations in Post-9/11: Cost Benefit Analysis

In the Global War on Terrorism (GWOT), the post-9/11 Pakistan’s alliance with the US has become an important subject of discussion and analysis in and outside the country. This study makes an attempt to examine and analyse comprehensively the costbenefit calculus for Pakistan as a result of its role in the US-led GWOT. Its basic premise is the hypothesis that Pakistan incurred more costs than benefits it accrued in this relationship. This is verified by using the exploratory research with qualitative method through inductive logic which is based on empirical data analysed through descriptive analysis. The paradigm of realism is used to explain these relations in their cost-benefit context. It also reviews the historical background of the US-Pakistan relations to contextualize and understand the nature of their bilateral cooperation during this period. It is noteworthy that from 1947 to 2001, these relations enjoyed two phases of close cooperation i.e. from1954 to 1962 and from 1979 to 1990 during which Pakistan derived great benefits but also paid huge costs for its cooperation with the US. These relations had reached their lowest level till 9/11 due to the US-imposed three-tier nuclear as well as democracy-related sanctions on Pakistan during 1990s. However, the events of 9/11 once again changed the dimensions of their relations particularly in the wake of the US decision to start GWOT from Afghanistan forcing the government of General Pervez Musharraf in Pakistan to cooperate in this war. During this war, Pakistan made tremendous efforts and huge sacrifices due to which it considerably won the appreciation from the US-led Western alliance. However, the US continued making demand from Pakistan to ‘do more’ to eliminate the terrorists sheltered in safe havens and sanctuaries in Pakistan, as blamed by the US, Afghan government and India, which the latter always denied. This tension continued haunting Pakistan-US relations during this period with periodical vicissitudes. But, the operative dynamics of the anti-terrorism cooperation kept these relations working in which, as premised, Pakistan suffered more losses than the benefits it accrued.