Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is one of the leading healthcare concern around the globe. HBV infection is affecting more than 6 million people in Pakistan. General population and the patients administrated for regular blood transfusions (Multi-transfused population) are always at greater risks to acquire HBV infection through unsecured process of transfusion. The existence of HBsAg mutants is well documented in studies from many countries. In Pakistan, most of blood banks perform HBV screening by rapid detection devices or ELISA tests. These tests are designed to detect HBsAg, but may not be equally effective to detect all mutations of HBsAg. Failure to detect these HBsAg mutants, may result in the transmission of HBV infection from donor to recipient. The determination of detection capacity of diagnostic assays and their respective capability to identify HBsAg mutants is very critical. Three routinely used diagnostic tests (rapid detection devices, ELISA and CLIA) for HBsAg along with LIAISON® XL Murex HBsAg Quant Assay were applied to determine the prevalence of HBV along HBsAg mutants in Pakistani healthy blood donor population and multitransfused patients (Thalassaemia and Hemophilia patients). The samples used in current study were collected from three different cities of Pakistan. The screening tests were performed by using SD Bioline rapid assay (n = 1500), ELISA (n = 1500), and Abbott ARCHITECT®CLIA system (n = 1500) at the same collection centres. All the samples (n = 4500) were re-tested for a comparative analysis on LIAISON® XL Murex HBsAg Quant assay (DiaSorin S.p.A.). PCR testing was performed as a gold standard on all discordant samples. . In current study total 4500 healhty blood donors were screened for presence of HBV infection, among them 119 (2.64%) were finally found positive for HBsAg by gold standard method. The other methods showed variable value of sensitivity and specificity in the screening results. Sensitivity of SD Bioline Rapid, GB HBsAg ELISA, Abbott ARCHITECT® and LIAISON® XL Murex HBsAg Quant assays were 17.24%, 43.75%, 90.91% and 100% respectively. Total 1440 thalassaemia patients were screened in this study among them 930 (64.6%) were males and 510 (35.4%). Screening revealed that total thalasssamia patients total 44 were positive for HBsAg. In HBV positive patients, 25 (56.8%) were males and 19 (43.2%) were females. Similarly total 950 hemophilia patients were screened; among them 755 (79.5%) were males and 195 (20.5%) were females. The screening of 950 revealed that total 23 (2.4 %) hemophilia patient samples were positive for HBsAg. Three genotypes were found in current study that included genotype A, genotype D and genotype C. Total seven HBsAg subtypes were determined those included subtypes ayw2, adw1, adw2, ayw1, ayw3, ayw4 and adr. The most common subgenotype/HBsAg subtype is D1/ayw2. The S-gene region representative phylogentic analyses were also performed. The sequence analysis of total 185 positive samples was performed. The sequencing analysis revealed mutations (non-synonymous nucleotide point mutations) in HBsAg nucleotides and total 28 (15.1%) samples showed sequence variations in “S region. In general the most common mutation was in amino acid region from 143-145 among S143L was largely counting exhibited in 13 (35.1%) samples. The study clearly demonstrated that there is a degree of variation in capacity of different screening assays currently used in Pakistan. Current study has also revealed the presence of HBsAg mutants in Pakistani healthy blood donors and multitransfused patients (Thalassaemia and Haemophilia patients).
حافظ ضیاء الدین احمد افسوس ہے پچھلے مہینہ حافظ ضیاء الدین احمد صاحب ایڈیٹر ندائے حرم کرانچی کاانتقال ہوگیا۔ مرحوم مدرسہ صولتیہ مکہ معظمہ کے صدر دفتر کے انچارج تھے۔ قرول باغ دہلی میں ان کا دفتر دفترِبرہان کے پڑوس میں تھا۔۱۹۴۷ء کے ہنگاموں میں ہم سے قرول باغ چھٹا تومرحوم اس ملک کو ہی خیرباد کہہ کر کراچی میں جابیٹھے۔ وہ اگرچہ ضابطہ کے عالم نہیں تھے لیکن بڑی اچھی سمجھ بوجھ اوراعلیٰ درجہ کی انتظامی قابلیت رکھتے تھے۔مہمان نوازی، تواضع اورفراغ حوصلگی و سیرچشمی ان کی طبیعت تھی۔ قرآن مجید کے صرف حافظ ہی نہیں تھے بلکہ اس کے عاشق بھی تھے۔ روزانہ خودپابندی کے ساتھ اس کاورد کرتے تھے اوراپنی اولاد کو بھی تلاوت قرآن کی تاکید کرتے رہتے تھے۔ اﷲ تعالیٰ آں مرحوم کوابراروصلحاء کامقام عطافرمائے اورمدرسہ صولتیہ کی اس شاخ کومرحوم جیسے منتظم کے اٹھ جانے کے باعث کسی قسم کاچشم زخم پہنچنے سے محفوظ رکھے۔آمین [مئی۱۹۵۲ء]
The seerah of the Holy Prophet (SAW) is a diversified combination of various traits. Among hundreds of the aspects of seerah if analysed various such dimensions appear before us in accordance with the educational and cultural evolution and criticality of time. One of these many is the sociological aspect of the holy seerah of the Prophet (SAW). According to the teachings of the Holy Prophet SAW Islam n Society are quite compatible to each other where marital element holds foremost importance in social circles. There is complete guidance about it in the seerah. The Prophet of Islam himself provided practical model of polygamy which was subjected to severe censure by the non-believers on account of their prejudice, ignorance and dishonesty and which the research scholars of seerah responded to n refuted on logical, convincing and solid grounds. The objective of this thesis is to highlight various positive effects of the polygamy of the Prophet SAW on society and its value in eradicating a number of social evils. Among manifold positive effects of this practice of polygamy include such benefits as the well-being and social elevation of widows, the eradication of the frequent custom of adoption, the extinction of social distinction and discrimination, the removal of tribal n social enmities, the following of the Prophet's model of women's education, the recognition of social work and social workers, and the upbringing of orphans.
In Pakistan, MA English has become one of the degrees with larger scope in the job market, mainly because of the increasing demand of proficiency in English language. The higher number of failures in English subject in Bachelors’ results shows that the students reaching this level still need to develop their language proficiency in English. This leads many students to take MA English program as an instrument in getting their future dream job by enhancing their language proficiency. This descriptive research is an attempt to study what language proficiency demands and expectations the potential employers have from MA English graduates, and how these expectations are addressed in MA English programs in Pakistan, with a special focus on scope of assessment of high order thinking skills including language in the existing assessment tools and practices at this level. The research is delimited to two potential employers- call centres and private schools in Rawalpindi/Islamabad, and MA English programs offered in public sector universities in Rawalpindi/Islamabad. The results reached through qualitative tools like the content analysis of objectives, courses and assessment policies in MA English programs and quantitative tools like surveys for potential employers, students and teachers in MA English programs prove the importance of English language proficiency for a good job. It also reflects the employers’ dissatisfaction with the current English language proficiency level of MA English degree holders, and their stress on the need to revise the assessment practices in this regard. It also shows that all the stake holders understand the need for students’ language proficiency enhancement to enable them to develop high order thinking skills needed in valid assessment practices. It is concluded from the analyses of data that there is not much scope for students’ language proficiency enhancement in MA English programs as is required by the potential employers and it is recommended that in order to increase the employability of MA English graduates in the job market, MA English programs must be based on the realistic objectives formulated on the basis of students’ needs. The language proficiency enhancement should be made a part of the teaching and assessment procedures. Structurally, the thesis has been divided into introduction and the background of the study, review of relevant literature, research methodology, qualitative and quantitative analyses of all the relevant documents and the responses on the surveys for which the Chi-square tests have been applied. The last chapter discusses the conclusions drawn and recommendations made.