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Home > Detection of Multiple Anthelmintic Resistance of Gastrointestinal Nematodes in Small Ruminants of Central and Northern Punjab, Pakistan

Detection of Multiple Anthelmintic Resistance of Gastrointestinal Nematodes in Small Ruminants of Central and Northern Punjab, Pakistan

Thesis Info

Access Option

External Link

Author

Muhammad, Ali

Program

PhD

Institute

Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University

City

Rawalpindi

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2014

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Natural Sciences

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/2339/1/2818S.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676725834291

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The current study has been designed to detect multiple anthelmintic resistance against gastrointestinal nematodes in small ruminants reared at central and northern Punjab, Pakistan. The potential production of small ruminants is greatly affected by the development of anthelmintic resistance. The rates of appearance of anthelmintic resistance against gastrointestinal nematodes all over the world appear to differ geographically and in accord with the current climate, parasites type and treatment regime adopt in the region. Various in vivo and in vitro methods were used to detect multiple anthelmintic drugs resistance. First of all, to conduct a comprehensive studies on selected sheep and goat herds to evaluate the reliability of treatment with wide spectrum anthelmintic drugs using faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) and, concurrently, to undertake in vitro egg hatch assays (EHA) to evaluate the susceptibility of nematode to anthelmintic drugs. Mean faecal egg count, percentage reduction and 95 per cent confidence interval were calculated by using the formula recommended by the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (WAAVP) for detecting multiple anthelmintic resistant gastrointestinal nematodes of ruminants. Multiple anthelmintic resistance was found in selected goats and sheep flocks. All flocks were found resistance against the albendazol; six were resistance against levamisol, two suspected for resistance. Seven flocks were susceptible against Ivermectin while one is suspected for resistance. The results revealed that a significant difference (P<0.05) of FECRT were found on pretreatment and after post-treatment with different anthelmintic drug as compared to control group in all the flocks. The results against albendazol were also confirmed by the Egg Hatch Assay (EHA). Results of EHT revealed that all the eight flocks found positive for resistance against albendazol. The LC50 values ranged from 0.138 μg/mL to 0.152 μg/mL, which confirmed the results of FECRT.
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جہلم دا سفر

جہلم دا سفر
دل آکھے میں جہلم جانا
’’ڈھوک رجو‘‘ جا درشن پانا
بس ٹر گئی یار قبولے
پئی دیندی پیار دے جھولے
میں جانا عشق سکولے
میں تے ربا کرم کمانا
بس آ گئی عارف والے
سانوں مل گئے دیس نکالے
جنھاں عشق دے دیوے بالے
اگے جا کے موج منانا
بس آ گئی ساہیوال
میرا پیر بڑا لجپال
دیندا دل دے دیوے بال
میرے دل نوں نور بنانا
بس آ گئی شہر اوکاڑے
کیویں پائے عشق پواڑے
گھر کتنے ایس اُجاڑے
سانوں خیر دیدار دا پانا
بس آ گئی شہر لاہور
چلے دل تے نہ کوئی زور
اوہدی دید نوں پاوے شور
دل دے کے یار منانا

بس آ گئی گجرانوالہ
نہیں عشق دا پندھ سوکھالا
ساڈا اللہ اے رکھوالا
پردیس چ نہ گھبرانا

بس آ گئی وچ گجرات
ساڈے نال ہووے گل وات
سانوں دے سجناں اک جھات
ساڈے دل دا شوق ودھانا

بس آ گئی اے وچ کھاریاں
اساں بڑیاں واجاں ماریاں
سن سجناں ساڈیاں زاریاں
سانوں در تے آپ بلانا
بس ’’عالم گیر سرائے‘‘
اساں یار دے نیڑے آئے
ساڈے نین بڑے ترہائے
سانوں سوہنا مکھ وکھانا

بس اپڑی جہلم اڈے
اسیں بھیڑے کم سب چھڈے
ساڈے لیکھ ہوئے اج وڈے
اساں جہلم وقت لنگھانا

پھڑ ویگن گئے سنگوئی
اسیں کلے، نال نہ کوئی
لاہ مکھ توں سجناں لوئی
اساں ول ول درشن پانا

اسیں ’’ڈھوک رجو‘‘ وچ آئے
ساتھے رب نے کرم کمائے
اسیں قادریؔ! درشن پائے
دل آکھے ، مڑ نہیں جانا

Epidemiology of Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Response to Different Hazardous Chewing Causes in Lahore, Pakistan-a Unicenter study epidemiology of oral carcinoma in Lahore, Pakistan

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Exploring issue of Ecological Affordance in an English Class with Special Relevance to Localized English Discursive Practices

Exploring issue of Ecological Affordance in an English Class with Special Relevance to Localized English Discursive Practices The present study aims to determine the significance of localized English discursive practices with respect to all the basic language skills in an ESL class of elementary students at the Boys Campus, OPF Girls College, where the researcher has been a teacher for the past nine years. The researcher used Action Research for a period of nine months i.e. three terms. Therefore, 60 students were her research participants. This Action Research was based on mixed methods approach underpinned by the theoretical framework of Johnson's (2004) localized language learning theory. The research tools used were of both qualitative and quantitative nature. Among the qualitative techniques, the researcher used text analysis, stimulated recall pictures, stimulated recall interview, speaking test and target learners' creative work along with some quantitative techniques as a localized board game, the target learners' written tests as well as their filled-in questionnaire. The research objectives were first to determine the target learners' social world, second to measure their receptive skills with respect to foreign and local contexts and third to evaluate their productive skills in a localized context. Likewise, one of the research questions was how to localize an ESL class; the other two aimed at finding such text, language skill or activity that could have a stronger impact on the target learners. Data analysis was carried out using Johnson's (2004) dialogical model of SLA which states that language learning is a localized phenomenon. As for the contribution of this research, this study highlights the place of Localized Language Teaching (LLT) approach promoting Pakistani cultural and social values in ESL classrooms of Pakistani schools. It is concluded that localized English teaching methodology can have the stronger impact on ELLs' language learning abilities than a traditional one due to ecological affordances provided by ELLs' prior knowledge, their socio-cultural background and their central position in an English class.