Spot blotch disease caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana Sacc. is a severe constraint with 30-70% estimated yield losses to wheat production in warmer regions of the world. The purpose of this study was to evaluate crude extracts of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn and Eucalyptus torelliana F. Muell (Myrtaceae) for their fingicidal activity against Bipolaris sorokiniana and if they can be used as a spot blotch disease management strategy. In was observed that flowering buds are most potential part of both plant species compared to leaves and bark. The ethanol, methanol and aqueous crude extracts of E. camaldulensis flowering buds inhibited mycelial growth up to 97, 91 and 67% While; the E. torelliana extracts restricted mycelial growth of 75, 74, and 47% respectively. The E. camaldulensis flowering buds ethanol extract provided maximum inhibition zone of 29.10±0.92 with 10mg/well and minimum inhibitory concentration value of 25mg/ml. The minimum mean length of conidiophores observed (78μ) and mean width (3.63μ) for treatment of E. camaldulensis flowering buds ethanol extract at 10% concentration over control 141μ length and 7.33μ width. A range of variations in mean length of B. sorokiniana conidia observed from 49-74µ and mean width from 19-25µm having 1-7 septa and light brown colour. In control treatments mean length range from 75-77µ and width from 25-28µ. The extract treated hyphae were damaged, collapsed and thinner as compared to control treatment. In 10µl spore suspension the highest number of conidia (34±9.63) found in essential oil treatment at 0.5% concentration followed by at 1% concentration (30.±8.17) compared to distilled water treatment (53±10.34). The E. torelliana flowering buds methanol extract at 10% concentration provided the smallest fresh weight (0.026g) and dry weight (0.02g) of fungal biomass. The In-vivo effects of E. camaldulensis and E. torelliana flowering buds extracts against aggrasive isolate of spot blotch were observed on susceptible variety bhakkar 2001 of wheat. The pesticidal effect of flowering buds extracts with different spray schedules as well as different concentration was highly significant (P<0.05) for both of grain yield/spike and 1000 grain weight. The E. camaldulensis flowering bud extractsin ethanol produces highest number of grains/spike (50, 48 & 43) as compared to E. torilliana 41, 38 & 33 grains/spike underspray I, Spray II and Spray III schedule respectively at 10% concentation. In case of number of grains per spike, for each unit increase in disease severity, 0.395 units decrease observed in number of grains/spike.The R2 0.473 indicates that 47.3% variations in grains yield/spike are caused by disease severity. There is 0.269 unit’s decrease in 1000-grains weight (g) with 51.03 unit’s increase of disease severity. The relationship of disease severity was negatively correlated with yield contributing parameters. The R2 (0.574) means that 57.4% variation in 1000 grains weight is explained by predictor variable. Standard error value (3.171) represents the typical deviation between the actual 1000 grain weight and what the model predicted to be. In simple there are 3.171g typical fluctuations around the regression line E. camaldulensis flowering buds extracts were further investigated for the most active compounds. Partitioning of crude ethanol extract was done with hexanes, Toluene, Dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and water. Hexanes part was most active in mycelial growth assay with the maximum 86% inhibition. Two compounds, A and B were purified from hexane part through flash Column Chromatography (FCC) by silica gel, Prep-TLC and Prep-HPLC. The recovered compounds showed high antifungal activity against B. sorokiniana (spot blotch). The chemical analysis of active compounds by HPLC, MS, FT-IR and NMR revealed the presence of hydrocarbons. These compounds are >C=O carbonyl functional group containing terpenoids that form crystalline products. The results indicate that E. camaldulensis flowering buds extracts contain antifungal compounds and can be exploited as a spot blotch disease and other fungal pathogens management strategy if formulation is developed in future.
مولانا مفتی محمد شفیع ابھی پاکستان ریڈیو سے یہ خبر وحشت اثرمعلوم کرکے سخت صدمہ اور رنج ہوا کہ مولانا مفتی محمد شفیع صاحب کا قلب کی حرکت کے بند ہوجانے سے انتقال پُرملال ہوگیا۔ دارالعلوم دیوبند کے جو حضرات ِاساتذہ راقم الحروف کے بھی اساتذہ تھے، حضرت مفتی صاحب اُن کی آخری یادگار تھے، اب وہ بھی نہیں رہے۔ اِنَّالِلّٰہِ وَاِنَّا اِلَیْہِ رَاجِعُوْن۔ داغِ فراق صحبتِ شب کی جَلی ہوئی اک شمع رہ گئی تھی سو وہ بھی خموش ہے دیوبند میں دو خاندان علم وفضل اوردینی خدمات وفیوض کے اعتبارسے بہت نمایاں ہیں، ایک عثمانی اوردوسرا صدیقی۔ مفتی صاحب مرحوم اول الذکر خاندان کے گل سر سبد تھے۔ مولانا محمد یٰسین صاحب جودارالعلوم دیوبند میں درجۂ فارسی کے صدر المدرسین اور نہایت باکمال استاذ تھے، وہ آپ کے والدِ ماجد تھے۔ ۱۳۱۳ھ میں پیدا ہوئے، از اول تاآخر پوری تعلیم دارالعلوم میں پائی، ۱۳۳۵ھ میں فراغت پائی۔اس زمانہ میں دارالعلوم کاآفتاب جہاں تاب نقطۂ عروج پر تھا، اس بناء پر مفتی صاحب کواکابر علماء ومشائخ دیوبند سے استفادہ کا بہترین موقع ملا۔کہتے ہیں چراغ سے چراغ روشن ہوتا ہے، لیکن جہاں علم و عمل کے چند در چند شمع ہاے روشن مصروف انجمن آرائی ہوں تواُن کی فیض رسانی کا عالم کیا ہوگا! ذہانت، ذوق، علم وجستجو اورمحنت وکاوش کاملکہ خداداد تھا اس لیے مفتی صاحب جب فارغ ہوئے تودارالعلوم کے قابلِ فخر فرزند تھے۔ فراغت کے بعد حضرت مولانا مفتی ۔۔؟ الرحمن صاحب عثمانیؒ کی نگرانی اورتربیت کے زیرِ سایہ دارالافتاء میں ؟کام کیا اور درس وتدریس کی خدمت بھی انجام دی، یہاں تک کہ دونوں شعبوں میں ؟نام پیدا کیا، اوراب خود اکابرِ دیوبند میں اُن کا شمار ہونے لگا۔ اگرچہ تمام علوم وفنون متداولہ میں پختہ اور ٹھوس استعداد کے مالک تھے ،لیکن خاص فن فقہ تھا اور اس مناسبت سے تفقہ...
In the field of Defective Narrations or Ahādith Mu'allah, collection and study of chains and tracks have great importance. It is this process in which the difference in the texts and chains of narrations comes to the surface and their defects become evident. This difference in text and chains has different types, like: Waṣl wa Irsāl: the presence or the absence of a narrator in the chain of a narration. Raf' wa Waqf: attribution of a narration to the Prophet (PBUH) or to his companion. Addition or Deletion in the text or in the chain of a narration Sometimes, a narration has more than one types of differences. To determine the preference among the differences of the said types, scholars of Hadith (muḥaddithīn) have to use Presumptions of Preference or Qarā'in al-Tarjīḥ. Some of these presumptions are common among the hadith scholars known as Common Presumptions or Qarā'in Aghlabiyah. The present research discusses these presumptions with examples in light of the book al-'Ilal al-Wāridah fi al- Ahādith al-Nabawiyah authored by Imām al-Dārqutnī.
Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) is a highly nutritious fruit with a variety of bioactive health promoting components. In the first experiment, among the tested varieties, Habi extracted with 80% methanol maintained the higher total phenolic contents, flavonoid contents, radicle scavenging activity and were equally good in regards to antibacterial potential against Escherichia coli, Salmonella entritidis, Pseudomonas flourescens and Helicobacter pylori. These collected extracts were then examined against different solvents. Similar trend was also observed in TPC, TFC, DPPH activity and antimicrobial activities against tested bacteria with butanol extracts of the Habi variety. In the second experiment, comparatively a higher TPC, TFC and DPPH activity was recorded in 4 hrs of extraction time with 40oC temperature at deep orange stage. Similar trend was also recorded in regards to antibacterial activities against tested pathogen respectively. The results also confirmed the higher potential of butanol then other counterparts indicating the maximum values of TPC, TFC and DPPH activity and antibacterial activities against four tested pathogens. In the third experiment, the spectrum of FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the presence of polyphenolic compounds in these extracts. HPLC analysis revealed presence of various bioactive compounds especially chlorogenic acid in butanol extract. These fractions also showed a significant antibacterial activity against four pathogens. This organism showed sensitivity to a dose of 20 μg/ml. It was further found that about 8.4 and 3.8 μg/ml of CA was present in one fruit on fresh and dry weight basis. Finally, H. pylori positive patients were identified followed by a dose of fresh and dried Habi variety to male and female patients for the period of 20 days. Later on, the results suggested that three dried apricots showed promising effects in the urease (up to 37.5%) and IgG (15.8%) of positive patients. So, three dried apricots (approx. 15 gm) are recommended for eradication of infection.