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Home > Determination of Residues of Pesticide in Meat and Their Effects on Enzymes and Proteins

Determination of Residues of Pesticide in Meat and Their Effects on Enzymes and Proteins

Thesis Info

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Author

Memon, Mussarat

Program

PhD

Institute

University of Karachi

City

Karachi

Province

Sindh

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2016

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Zoology

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/13164/1/Musarrat-thesis.docx

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676725846985

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The present work is concerned with the determination of pesticide residues in meat samples and effects of pesticides on enzymes levels and protein. Different samples of meat were collected from (chicken, cow and goat). Later organs (fat, heart, kidney, liver and muscle) were isolated. The experiment was done under two conditions such as fresh and other one kept in 10˚C. Meat samples were collected randomly from butcher`s shops. All samples were taken to lab and the collected samples were separately kept in plastic bags. For this standard method described in materials and method was adopted. The pesticide residues, estimation of biochemical contents, enzymes activities and protein content were investigated in 90 samples of meat, additionally, 15 samples meat of each (chicken, beef and mutton) were also collected and considered as control or normal subject for enzymes activity and biochemical content. In all chicken samples, the activity of GOT contents showed significant increase, whereas GPT content significantly decreased than those of detected in control or normal subject. However, ALP and protein were higher in maximum number of samples. In all beef samples GOT and GPT content showed increase in all samples while ALP decreased in all sample but protein increased in all samples. In all mutton samples GPT and GOT content showed significant decrease whereas ALP and protein showed significant increase than those of detected in control or normal subject. Most probable reason of this variation in biochemical contents and enzymes activity may be presence of pesticides residues, socioeconomic factor, metabolic factor and environmental factor. The standard chromatogram of permethrin was prepared on HPLC and retention time (RT) was noted. Chromatograms of cypermethrin, deltamethrin, diazinon, DDE, DDT, malathion and monocrotophos were taken from previous study which was run under the same condition. Total 90 samples were run on HPLC for pesticide residues analysis. The residues amount was noted from the chromatograms. The two set of chicken samples which comprise 30 in numbers were taken from two different locations. The first set of chicken samples contained fifteen different organs (fat, heart, kidney liver and muscle) and also had two conditions of fresh and stored 10˚C. Five samples of fresh ones were run on HPLC for pesticides residues and four were found positive for pesticide. Ten samples stored at 10˚C for 3 days and run on HPLC for pesticides analysis and all were positive for residues analysis. In all the samples, the residues of cypermethrin, DDE, DDT and malathion were detected in noticeable amount. The second set of chicken samples stored were run on HPLC for pesticide residues analysis. Out of 15 samples, 3 samples were found positive for residues of deltamethrin and malathion. Two set of beef samples (30) were run on HPLC for pesticide residues analysis and 19 were positive for pesticides residues. After analysis it was found that cypermethrin was found in 8 samples, DDT in 3 samples, DDE in 8 samples, diazinon in 5 samples, deltamethrin in 13 and malathion only in 2 samples were detected. While mutton samples also 30 in number and were run on HPLC for pesticide residues analysis and 8were positive for pesticides residues. Cypermethrin was found in 2 samples, deltamethrin in 10 samples, diazinon in 7 samples and monocrotophos in 2 samples.
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مولانا رسول خان

مولانا رسول خان
لاہور کی ایک اطلاع سے یہ معلوم کرکے بہت افسوس اور دکھ ہواکہ حضرت الاستاذ مولانا رسول خاں صاحب بھی انتقال کرگئے۔ انتقال کے وقت عمر ایک سوچار یا پانچ کے لگ بھگ ہوگی۔ راقم الحروف کی طالبعلمی کے زمانہ میں اگرچہ دارالعلوم دیوبند کاہراستاداپنے فن میں ماہر اورکامل تھا لیکن چاراساتذہ ایسے تھے جو اپناجواب نہیں رکھتے تھے اوراربابِ علم کے حلقوں میں ان کی شہرت کاطوطی بولتا تھا ۔حدیث میں حضرتنا الاستاذ مولانا محمدانور شاہؒ الکشمیری ،ادب میں مولانا محمد اعزاز علی صاحبؒ ،منطق میں مولانا محمدابراہیم صاحب بلیاوی اورفلسفہ میں مولانا رسول خاں صاحب رحمہم اﷲ رحمۃ ً واسعۃً۔چنانچہ راقم نے جس سال منطق کی آخری کتابیں حمدؔاﷲ اورقاضی مولانا محمدابراہیم صاحب سے پڑھی تھیں اسی برس فلسفہ کی اعلیٰ کتابیں صدرا اورشمس بازغہ مولانا رسول خاں صاحب سے پڑھیں، یہ دونوں استاد کتاب نہیں بلکہ فن پڑھاتے تھے ۔طالب علم نے کیا اورکتنی عبارت پڑھیں ہے اس سے ان کوکوئی واسطہ نہیں ہوتا تھا۔طالب علم عبارت پڑھتے پڑھتے رک گیا یاانھوں نے ہی رکو ادیا تواب کتاب کودیکھے بغیر منہ اٹھا کر تقریر شروع کردی۔ اﷲ اکبر! یہ تقریر کیاتھی،معلوم ہوتا تھا کہ علم وفن کے سمندر میں طوفان اٹھ آیا ہے اور موجیں ہیں کہ ایک دوسرے سے ٹکرارہی ہیں۔اس تقریر میں نفس مسئلہ کی وضاحت ہوتی تھی اوراس کے بعد اختلافات کامِع دلائل بیان اور پھران پر تنقید وجرح اورمذہب حق کی ترجیح اوراس کے وجوہ۔ پھران دونوں حضرات کے درس کی ایک مشترکہ خصوصیت یہ بھی تھی کہ تقریر بڑے اطمینان اورسکون سے کرتے تھے۔ اس میں نہ عجلت پسندی ہوتی نہ گھبراہٹ اور نہ کہیں زورشور! البتہ فرق یہ تھاکہ مولانا محمدابراہیم صاحب بڑے شگفتہ مزاج، خوش تقریر اور بزلہ سنج بھی تھے ،اس لیے ڈبیاسے نکال کر پان کھاتے جاتے اورموقع موقع سے کچھ مزاحیہ...

Zakat on Non-Agricultural Land Plots: Public Awareness and Fiscal Reforms

Zakat is although a compulsory obligation in Islam but is not paid compulsorily by the people. There are two main reasons; one is the ignorance about many things on which zakat is due, for example non-agricultural land and commercial plots etc. andsecond, ignorance about the mechanism through which it is paid. Thefirst aspect is related to public awareness and second aspect is related to the fiscal policy being enforced by the government collecting property and wealth taxes thus putting heavyfinancial pressure on the owners of real estate so as to compel them to avoid zakat andpay taxes. The paper explores the level of awareness among the general public about the payment ofzakat on non-agricultural land. Itfurther addresses the question that how the existing revenue structure need to be changed. For thefirst aspect, primary data with n=33 has been collected from the capital city of the province Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. For the second aspect the revenue structure of the government is reviewed tofind out the number of taxes on the possession, sale and purchase of commercial or nonagricultural land plots. Since taxes are in no way a substitute of zakat so it is further explored that if the existing taxes are replaced and zakat system would be properly enforced then how much is the net return. In order to estimate this net return, an interview has been conducted from the property dealers and also the figures are taken from government accounts to calculate a sample for the study area that is then generalized for the government returns at large. The results of the study show a high level ofignorance about zakat obligation on plots in the study area. The verdicts of the Islamic scholars also create difference of opinion, however, majority have approved the case in favor of payment. Since there is ignorance and people have to pay taxes so they avoid zakat and just pay taxes. A mechanism is needed for fiscal reforms to ensure the payment of zakat and to stop its substitution against taxes on land plots.

Study of Antifertility Potential of Neem Based Contraceptive in Albino Rats

This research was undertaken to observe the antifertility potential of neem oil in males and females , 96 albino rats were used in this study. The animals were administered with two different doses of neem oil orally once at the beginning of study. The animals were divided in different groups (A) treated female with treated males, (B) untreated females with treated males, (C)treated females with untreated males and(D) untreated females with untreated males (Control).They left in the same cage for a period of six weeks. The blood was drawn by cardiac puncture, for the estimation of serum concentration of reproductive hormones in male and females including FSH, LH, Estradiol, Progesterone and testosterone. Animals were scarificed and the female and male gonads were removed for the histological study and analytical purpose to determine the quantity of the active components in tissues. Hormonal analysis revealed significantly increased levels of FSH in low and high dose treated females and significantly decreased levels of estradiol and progesterone in animals treated at high dose. In the males significantly decreased hormone levels were only found amongst high dose treated animals. HPLC has demonstrated the presence of high concentration of neem compounds Azadirachtin & Azadirichtinin in the ovaries. In males these compounds have been shown in high concentration as compared to control males but with much in less concentration as compared to treated females. The histological sections of the gonads have also revealed significant decrease in the number of mature follicles in females and seminiferous tubular diameter in males in the treated animals. None of the females treated at high dose conceived during the present study. From these findings it can be concluded that neem oil has a dose depended antifertility potential.