كورٹ ميرج كى شرعى حيثيت

Court Marriage means a marriage that a wise and mature boy & girl performs only by mutual consent to court and performs some legal requirements without permission of their parents. Due to distance from religion, misuse of media, co-education, vulgarity and male female freely intimacy, in our Islamic society the trend of this marriage is increasing every day. The process of giving more proof of this marriage by judicial decisions and some religious circles has also played an important role in promoting it. Mostly, the result of this is girls run from their homes, parental insult, and destruction of their own lives, public disturbance and social disorder. Today’s need was that in a neutral way this important social issue should be discussed and by giving independent research, the issue of parents’ permission for marriage, particularly for the girl, should be presented in the light of Islamic teachings and in this regard different opinions of the scholars should also be analyzed. So on one side, where the importance of parent's role in marriage will be highlighted, on the other hand, we can be protected from social destruction, ruination of the family system and public disturbance. The following article is presented in detail on this subject.

Advanced Techniques for Digital Image Watermarking

Digital revolution has made easy the production, distribution and access to the multimedia data. With certain business bene ts, arise the challenge of ownership, authentication and privacy of the data. Multimedia data can now be easily edited and reproduced, resulting in losses and secrecy concerns to the owner of the data. There is a dire need to address these issues, otherwise, the challenges and losses will outweigh the bene ts reaped from the digital age. Digital watermarking is the process of embedding an important message in the carrier (Image, Video). In wa- termarking both message and carrier are important. Watermarking can be used to verify the authenticity of the information and establish ownership of the car- rier. There are two major types of watermarking, (i) Robust (ii) Reversible. In this thesis, three new methods of watermarking are presented, to solve the problems of data hiding and content copyright/ownership protection. One method of Robust watermarking is presented, while 2 methods are developed for reversible watermark- ing of images. Reversible watermarking methods are based on new novel predictors developed for the purpose of watermarking. Therst method of reversible watermarking is based on a new D-Mean predictor. The existing image predictors, Median-edge detector (MED) and Gradient adjusted predictor (GAP) were primarily developed for image compression and were used in reversible watermarking as well. The limitation of compression predictors is the in- ability to use multi-side pixels in the prediction process. In the proposed predictor aim is to exploit local correlation of pixels by using east, west, north and south neigh- bors in the prediction process. The predictor operates around an edge-sensitivity threshold to estimate the direction of the edge. In reversible watermarking methods prediction error (PE) histogram is modeled by a Laplacian distribution. This is because of the spatial redundancy in image pixels. Signi cant improvement of the method is observed for standard images. The surge in the histogram peaks at 0 and short tail of PE for D-Mean con rms the superior performance of the proposed D-Mean predictor over MED and GAP methods. Quantitative measures of predic- tor''s performance are Mean Squared Prediction Error (MSPE) and Entropy of PE. Predictors are compared on the basis of MSPE and entropy pf PE . For all the test images D-Mean yields the least MSPE than MED and GAP. Entropy comparison of PE demonstrates the superiority of the D-Mean predictor. Overall, the average per- formance of D-Mean is also better for both MSPE and PE. The e ectiveness of the D-Mean predictor is validated by incorporation in a 2 stage reversible watermarking method. The obtained results are improved than state of the art. The second method of reversible watermarking is based on a hybrid predictor, de- signed over an enlarged 3 3 neighborhood. The embedding process is divided into four phase representation of the image which allows exploitation of larger prediction context thus enhanced prediction accuracy is obtained. To reduce image distortion at lower capacity payloads, sorting of estimated prediction errors is used, sorting is done with reference to variances of prediction context. For improvement at higher capacity payloads, adaptive embedding is used to determine whether to embed sin- gle or two bits in a given prediction error. The approach is based on decomposing the image into four non-overlapping representations. Each of these representations is watermarked in a separate phase making a total of four phases for embedding a watermark. The order of processing of each phase is exible but should be synchro- nized in encoder and decoder. For simplicity, image is scanned for each of the four phases in top-down and left-right fashion. In each scan, the candidate pixel for em- bedding are predicted using their prediction context and the errors are calculated. Histogram shifting and adaptive embedding is used to increase embedding capacity. Experiments were performed to evaluate the performance of the proposed approach in terms of low distortion in the watermarked image. A new method of Robust watermarking is also presented. The watermark embed- ding problem is modeled as a two-stage optimization problem. In therst stage Genetic algorithm (GA) is used for the selection to appropriate wavelet bands and then in the second stage, Particle swarm optimization (PSO) optimized the water- mark strength for each coe cient of the selected wavelet band. Empirical analysis is also performed for suggesting optimum choices for wavelet family and wavelet depth level for watermarking in the wavelet domain, this helps to get most out of the imperceptibility-robustness tradeoof watermarking paradigm. The proposed wa- termarking method embeds the watermark by decomposing the image using discrete wavelet packet transform. In order to achieve desirable imperceptibility choosing a particular proportion of the total number of wavelet bands without compromising on the robustness can be more useful. Once the optimal wavelet bands are found, watermark strength is optimized for the selected bands using PSO. The method is robust against common image processing attacks, i.e. medianltering, noise addi- tion, JPEG compression and frequencyltering. The dissertation also contains a comprehensive survey of reversible watermarking methods and future directions are listed for further investigations.