Traditional rice cultivation by puddling and manual transplanting is a labor intensive activity and require significant quantities of water and power. The increasing scarcity of water threatens the sustainability of transplanted rice. In many areas of Asia, transplanting of rice is being replaced by direct seeding as farmers respond to increased labor cost and decreased water availability but weed control is one of the major constraints to direct seeding. So, to control weeds in direct seeded rice studies were designed. Experiments were conducted for two years to develop sustainable and economical methods for managing weeds in aerobic rice grown by direct-seeding at Student’s Farm, Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad during the years 2008 and 2009. The first experiment was laid out in RCBD having five weed control approaches; hand weeding, hoeing (with kasula), inter row cultivation with tine cultivator, inter row cultivation with spike hoe and chemical control with Nominee 100 SC along with control (no weeding). Weed dry weight was 300 g m -2 , 257 g m -2 , 225 g m -2 and 157 g m -2 less in hand weeding, hoeing tine cultivator and Nominee 100 SC respectively than no weeding. Maximum fertile tillers were recorded in hand weeding (369.73 m -2 ) and were followed by hoeing (356.94 m -2 ) and tine cultivator (346.78 m -2 ). Hand pulling, hoeing, tine cultivator, Nominee and spike hoe gave 28, 25, 22, 12 and 6% more number of kernels per panicle respectively. Paddy yield was 221, 203, 181 and 105% more in hand weeding, hoeing tine cultivator and Nominee 100 SC respectively than no weeding. Highest net returns (Rs. 56905) were obtained by hand weeding while highest BCR (1.75) was obtained in tine cultivator. A second experiment was laid out in split plot design randomizing inter row cultivation implements in main plots and inter row cultivation frequencies in sub plots. Weed dry weight was 199.16 g m -2 less when tine cultivator was used at 15, 25, 35 and 45 DAS as compared to weed dry weight in inter row cultivation at15 days after seeding (DAS). More fertile tillers in tine cultivator and spike when used at 15, 25, 35 and 45 DAS were observed. Paddy yield was 159% more when tine cultivator was used at 15, 25, 35 and 45 as compared to paddy yield in inter row cultivation at15 DAS. Tine cultivator gave maximum net return and BCR when used at 15, 25, 35 and 45 DAS. Tine cultivator gave maximum net return and BCR when used at 15, 25, 35 and 45 DAS. Both experiments were replicated thrice. Net plot size was 3.0 m x 6.0 m in both experiments. Weed control by tine cultivator displayed excellent rice yields when repeated cultivation was done, and with the reduced labor inputs compared to hand weeding and hoeing, is a viable and economical method.
وہ۔۔۔! میں خانقاہ کا دروازہ کھولتا وہ میرے پیچھے پیچھے مست چراغ کی الست روشنی میں! باغ عدن میں لکھی۔۔۔! نثری نظموں کی ظہر اور عصر کی کتاب سینے سے لگائے چلی آتی ارضی زخموں کو تاثیر مغرب اور آب عشاء سے دھوتی اپنی گود میں۔۔۔میرا سر رکھتے ہوئے! مر مری بانہوں میں لیے۔۔۔حواؑ کی طرح لپٹ جاتی لوبان و صندل سلگاتے ہوئے! آفاقی چاندنی میں زخموں پر ماہتابی مرہم لگاتی تہجد شناس نظروں سے دیکھتی۔۔۔! کنواری کرنوں جیسے ہونٹوں سے چومتے ہوئے! اسمائے عشق کا سینے پر دم کرتی پھر محبت پہ درود۔۔۔چاہت پہ سلام پڑھتے ہوئے فجر کے حوالے کرتے ہوئے۔۔۔نہ جانے کیوں چلی جاتی ؟ بس لمس کی حدت۔۔۔! بوسوں کی لذت چھوڑ جاتی ہے
The Mughal period (1592-1737 CE) rightly claims to produce an abundant amount of literature on history and culture of Sindh. This article aims to highlight impacts of Mughal rule on politics, administration and society of Sindh. There were a number of official writers emerged, who endeavored for drawing a plausibly adequate picture of the Mughal administration. Their narrations have been qualified by the quality and expanse of available information. Studies of the Mughal administration in Sindh are, for the most part, relied upon notable works significantly include some indigenous historical sources. This article fundamentally based upon the two such masterpieces titled Tarikh-i-Sindh alias Tarikh-i-Masumi (c. 1593 CE) and the Mazhar-iShahjahani (c. 1634 CE). Both of these compilations offer an overview of the dynamics of the Mughal politics concerning different administrative units and offices. Besides the political history, some new aspects in terms of socioeconomic conditions are also evident on the basis of the first hand record. I anticipate that this endeavor would reveal some extent the true perception about the politics and society in Sindh under the Mughals.
Most of the real-world problems ranging from engineering to medical or social fields involve uncertainty in data. Soft computing models, including m-polar fuzzy sets, intuitionistic fuzzy sets, soft sets and rough sets are used to deal with uncertain and incomplete information. The objective of this thesis is to present certain novel hybrid models, namely, m-polar fuzzy N-soft rough sets, intuitionistic fuzzy N-soft sets and intuitionistic fuzzy N-soft rough sets, for modeling incomplete information in information systems. These models are obtained by the hybridization of N-soft sets with m-polar fuzzy sets, intuitionistic fuzzy sets and rough sets, which are more precise and flexible for modeling and processing of vague information. These models provide us information about the occurrence of ratings or grades and enable us to tackle multi-polar information. Certain novel concepts concerning these newly hybrid models are discussed. Four types of parameter reductions of bipolar fuzzy soft sets are presented. The significance of bipolar fuzzy sets is discussed, by analyzing relation systems and relation decision systems, specifically attribute reduction of bipolar fuzzy relation decision systems is presented. The proposed methods are applied to some real life decision making problems for representation of multi-attribute data, including multi-criteria selection of suitable place for tour. Efficient algorithms are developed to solve decision-making problems based on the proposed hybrid models.