For the preparation of controlled-released microparticles through non-solvent addition technique ethyl cellulose (EC) was employed. Dichloromethane (DCM) was utilized as solvent for polymer; and paraffin oil as non-solvent that induced phase separation. Microparticles of different polymer concentration M1 (1:1), M2 (1:2) and M3 (1:3) were prepared. Among all these formulations, M3 presented superior and desirable characteristics i.e. 79% entrapment efficiency, good micromeritic properties, smooth morphology and more sustained effect on cumulative release. Zero order, First order, Higuchi, Hixson-Crowell and Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetic models were applied to assess the mechanism and pattern of drug release from microparticles. Release of TmH was best fitted to Higuchi model because it presented highest values of correlation coefficient (R2=0.981) followed by zero-order kinetic model (R2=0.899). FTIR, XRD and DSC ensured the chemical stability and integrity of TmH and EC in M3; as no new bands were detected in FTIR spectra. Moreover, crystallinity of TmH was reduced in XRD, and endothermic peak was observed at the glass transition temperature of EC in DSC spectra. M3 were kept at 40°C/75% RH for three months and evaluated for stability by determining in-vitro release profile and drug assay. The effect of exaggerated environment on the stability was insignificant. The controlled-released microspheres were prepared through solvent evaporation method using ethyl cellulose as polymer. These microspheres were evaluated primarily for kinetics and stability. Microspheres of different polymer concentration M1 (1:1), M2 (1:2) and M3 (1:3) were developed and compressed into tablets i.e., T1, T2 and T3, respectively. Zero order, First order, Higuchi, Hixson-Crowell and Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetic models were applied to assess the mechanism and pattern of drug release. Higuchi model was found to be the best among all models. The chemical and physical stability of TmH formulation was studied using FTIR, Thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction and dissolution tests. In-vitro analysis showed that tablets of ratio T2 released the drug over 12hrs and the release profile was comparable with that of reference tablet, Tramal® SR. The effect of different storage temperatures on the physicochemical stability of T2 was insignificant (p > 0.05). A controlled-release combination of Tizanidine (TZD) and Tramadol (TmH) microparticles was developed and evaluated. Microparticles of both drugs were prepared separately via temperature change method. To extend the release of formulations EC polymer was employed. Higuchi, Zero order, First order, and Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetic models were applied to appraise mechanism and mode of drugs release. Higuichi model was found to be best for all release profiles. Stability of microparticles at 40oC/75%RH over three-month duration was determined by FTIR, XRD and drugs assay. Microparticles were compatible and stable as no significant differences were observed when subjected to drug assay, FTIR and XDR during accelerated stability studies. For combination of Tramadol HCl (TmH) and Acetaminophen (AAP) microparticles coacervation via temperature change method was used. Ethyl cellulose (EC) of moderate viscosity was employed to extend the release of formulations. Microparticles of both drugs were prepared separately and then compressed into bilayer tablets. Physicochemical stability of bilayer tablets was determined using FTIR, XRD, DSC and TDA. The mechanism and pattern of drugs release was assessed by the application of Higuchi, Zero order, First order and Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetic models. Higuchi model was found best for release profiles of both drugs. FTIR, XRD, DSC and TDA result findings ensured the compatibility and stability of the new formulation. Similarly, insignificant differences were observed, when subjected to accelerated stability studies. Microencapsulated TmH and AAP can be developed into bilayer tablets. This SR combination is stable and releases the drugs over 12 hours. Floating microcapsules (FMs) using combination of ethyl cellulose (EC) and hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) were prepared and characterized. An easy and novel phase separation method was adopted to prepare FMs. Chloroform and paraffin oil were employed as solvent and non-solvent, respectively. Five kinetic models were applied to assess and describe the mechanism and pattern of TmH release from FMs. FMs were subjected to FTIR and XRD to evaluate TmH-HPMC-EC interaction. As EC concentration was increased, retardation in the release of TmH, improvement in flow characteristics and decrease in floating time, were observed. Kinetics of drug release was followed by Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetic model. Floating microcapsules of TMH can be produced using phase separation method. Microcapsules were stable with no drug-polymer interaction. The accelerated stability studies also ensured the physicochemical integrity of FMs. Biodegradable microspheres of Tramadol Hydrochloride (TmH) were developed using simple phase separation technique. Poly lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) was used as release controlling polymer. Simple phase separation method was adopted to prepare microspheres; Dichloromethane (DCM) and Liquid Paraffin (LP) were employed as solvent and non-solvent, respectively. Five kinetic models were applied to assess and describe the mechanism and pattern of TmH release from biodegradable microspheres. Biodegradable microspheres were subjected to FTIR, DSC and XRD to evaluate TmH-PLGA interaction. Retardation in the release of TmH was observed as PLGA concentration was increased. Kinetics of drug release followed higuchi model. The microspheres exhibited no interaction between TmH and PLGA. Biodegradable microspheres of TmH can be produced using phase separation method. Microspheres were stable with no drug-polymer interaction. The accelerated stability studies also ensured the physicochemical integrity as differences of release profile over the period of three months were insignificant. IVIVC for microparticles of tramadol hydrochloride was also established. Four formulations of controlled-release microparticles with different polymer concentration were developed and optimized in respect of encapsulation efficiency, dissolution study, release kinetics and FTIR spectroscopy. The optimized formulations were taken for in vivo studies. For in vivo analysis, a new HPLC analytical method was developed and validated. The mobile phase, comprises of phosphate buffer (50 mM), methanol and acetonitrile (75:20:05) was run at the flow rate of 0.75 mL/minutes. In vivo study was performed on twenty four healthy human volunteers and various pharmacokinetic parameters i.e., Cmax, tmax, AUC 0-∞ and MRT were calculated. The in vitro and in vivo drug data was compared to establish relationship with the help of Wagner-Nelson method. The F-4 exhibited good IVIV correlation (R2= 0.9957) compared to F-3 (R2=0.9722).
مولانا شوکت علی مرحوم اسی مہینہ کادوسرا المناک سانحہ مولانا شوکت علی خادم کعبہ کی وفات ہے، شوکت علی مرحوم ہندوستان کے اُن پرچند مسلمانوں میں ایک تھے جن کی شہرت نہ صر ف ہندوستان تک محدود ہے بلکہ دنیائے اسلام کے دوردراز گوشوں تک ان کانام عزت واحترام کے ساتھ لیاجاتاہے اوریہ واقعہ ہے کہ مرحوم بجا طور پر اس شہرت و احترام کے مستحق تھے، پچھلے چند برسوں کوچھوڑ کر بلاخوف تردید کہا جا سکتاہے کہ مرحوم کی زندگی قربانی، ایثار، ولولہ اورجوش عمل کے اعتبار سے مسلمانوں کے لیے قابل تقلید نمونہ تھی،جنگ طرابلس اورجنگ بلقان سے لے کراب تک ہندوستانی مسلمانوں کی اجتماعی اورسیاسی زندگی کے جتنے دور گذرے ہیں مرحوم کی خدمات اُن تمام دوروں میں اس قدر نمایاں اوراس قدر روشن ہیں جنہیں کسی طرح فراموش نہیں کیا جاسکتا’’علی برادران‘‘ہندوستان کی دوشخصیتوں سے مرکب ایک ایسی حقیقت کانام ہے جس کے زبان پرآتے ہی کرداروعمل اورشجاعت وبسالت کاایک سبق آموز نقشہ آنکھوں کے سامنے آجاتاہے۔ صد حسرت وافسوس کہ ہندوستان اپنے ایک جانباز،بہادر سپاہی اورپرانے خادم سے ہمیشہ کے لیے محروم ہوگیا۔انا ﷲ واناالیہ راجعون۔ حق تعالیٰ مرحوم کی خدمات کوقبول فرمائے اوردامانِ رحمت میں جگہ دے۔ [دسمبر۱۹۳۸ء]
The slowing spread of Covid-19 infections has brought positive changes in the education sector. The issue of implementing limited face to face learning begins to excite students in gaining knowledge. Online learning effects for approximately two years was relatively difficult to keep students away from themselves. This study time to determine how the level of student learning readiness in facing offline learning. This was quantitative research with a survey type. The population were State vocatoonal high school 2 Kendari students, totaling 558 students. The sample was drawn randomly with a magnitude estimated using the Slovin formula at a significance of 5% so that the total sample size was 233 students. Data were collected by learning readiness scale. Data were analyzed descriptively and comparative statistics. The results showed that the learning readiness of State vocatoonal high school Negeri 2 Kendari students was in the high category and female students had a higher level of learning readiness than male students.
The present study aimed at characterizing two Acyl Homoserine Lactone (AHLs) producing bacteria isolates nodulating (cultivated and wild) legumes. The isolate from cultivated Pisum sativum was named as Pcc1; while that isolated from the wild species Alysicarpus buleurifolius was called Pcc21. These isolates were selected from a set of twenty potential isolates obtained from the culture collection of Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University. The initial screening of isolates was done for AHLs production using Chromobacterium violaceum (CV026) as indicator strain. These AHLs were further characterized for their diversity through TLC and LC/MS analyses. The TLC assay was done to study the size and range of the AHLs, revealing diverse nature of AHLs produced by the Pcc1 and Pcc21. The small bacteriocin assay revealed that Pcc1 produced AHLs which are a characteristic of CinI system, however, the Pcc21 was found negative. The phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA sequences depicted the isolate Pcc1 as Rhizobium leguminosarum while that of Pcc21 as Sinorhizobium meliloti. Pcc1 being Rhizobium was further studied for the RhiR system which controls nodulation in host plants. Thus the RhiR gene was amplified and sequenced and using bioinformatics tools its protein sequences was generated. The sequence data thus generated and its comparison with the RhiR protein sequences in silico revealed useful information for the isolate (Pcc1) under study such as various domains homolgous to the LuxR transcriptional protein. To characterize it further mutation of RhiR locus was done using Pk19 mob vector, the induced mutation reduced the AHLs production and nodulation efficiency. The Pcc21 presented an interesting case. The 16S rRNA analysis revealed its identity as Sinorhizobium meliloti and it was isolated from root nodules of a wild legume species Alysicarpus bupleurifolius, this has been the first report on the novel symbiotic association between S. meliloti and Alysicarpus bupleurifolius. The study further characterized the AHL diversity produced in symbiosis. The TLC and LC-MS profiles revealed production of a diverse array of AHLs that ranged from short chain C4-HSL to long chain C12- HSL. It was observed that isolates thriving in younger nodules produced AHL abundance and points to the possible presence of more than one synthase system, as previously described in Rm1021 and AK63. The isolation of a strain producing wide ranging AHL molecules provides an opportunity to investigate the complex genetics of AHL production in S. melitoti. It was further revealed that the AHLs produced by Pcc21 were rather diverse. In an analysis the introduction of WspR plasmid in Pcc21 decreased the amount of exopolisaccharides produced in the system, however it did not affect the overall amount of AHLs produced.