Antipsychotic drugs are widely used in the short term management of acute psychotic, manic and psycho depressive disorders and long period treatment of chronic psychotic disorders, including schizophrenia, psycho effective disorders and delusional disorders. However, these drugs produce serious side effects ranging from the most troublesome (Intense sedation, dry mouth and somnolence) to dangerous (Parkinsonism, dyskinesia and akathesia). The management of these side effects has become an important part of treatment plans as the frequency and intensity of the side effects play a major role in the effectiveness and tolerability of a particular antipsychotic agent. Non-compliance to antipsychotic medication is the primary issue directly linked to long term clinical outcomes. The development of modified drug delivery systems (MDDSs) have improved patient compliance, reduced side effects and optimized the dosage schedule without compromising their therapeutic efficacy. As a result of reduction in side effects of antipsychotics, some MDDSs have been developed. In this respect, Quetiapine xfumarate (Seroquel XR ® ) and Paliperidone (Invega ® ) extended release tablets of antipsychotic drugs are offering improved treatment and tolerability profiles. As oral route for administration of drug is mostly preferred and tablet is the most popular dosage form, therefore, extended release tablets of risperidone, olanzapine and prochloperazine maleate were developed. Binary mixtures of the commonly recommended Methocel ® K100 LV-CR (hydrophilic) and Ethocel ® Standard 7FP Premium (hydrophobic) were used to prepare tablets by flow bound dry granulation-slugging method. Combination of the two polymers successfully extended the release period up to 24 hours. The release period was extended regularly as the amount of Ethocel ® Standard 7FP Premium was sequentially increased from 30% to 60%. The inclusion of Methocel ® K100 LV-CR helped in maintaining drugs knotted in its viscous gel layer, while presence of Ethocel ® caused slow hydration & erosion of the matrices leading to extended drug release period. pH independent drug release with zero order kinetics was an important achievement in the present study. Hardness of tablets did not influence the release kinetics. The two polymers played a role of functional copartners. The matrix tablets containing 30% Methocel ® and 60% Ethocel ® (F3) with 12kg hardness were selected for further studies. The optimized matrix tablets of the model drugs exhibited an acceptable level of stability under accelerated storage conditions. Bioavailability studies of the optimized tablets of risperidone, olanzapine and prochlorperazine were conducted in rabbit’s serum using HPLC based validated methods. Measured serum concentrations of the drugs were used in calculation of the various pharmacokinetic parameters, including peak concentration (C max ), peak time (T max ), area under curve up to 24 hours (AUC 0–24 ), area under curve up to infinite time (AUC 0-inf ), mean residence time (MRT 0-48 ) , half life (t 1/2 ), volume of distribution (Vd), elimination rate constant (K el ) and total clearance (Cl total ) for the Test-extended release and Reference-conventional tablets using PK WinNonlin software. Optimum levels of the drugs serum concentrations (C max ) from the Test tablets were observed as compared to Reference tablets. Significantly prolonged peak time (t max ) of the Test tablets indicated smooth and extended absorption phase of the drugs. A good correlation between the In-vitro drug release and In-vivo drug absorption was achieved in case of each model drug. The area under curves (AUCs) xiof Test extended release tablets and Reference-conventional tablets were not significantly different (p < 0.05), indicating their bioequivalence. The bioavailability data generated in the present study indicated that the absorption of risperidone, olanzapine and prochlorperazine maleate from gastro intestinal tract (GIT) were dependent on their release rate. A good level of In-vitro In-vivo correlation of the all three drugs showed successful use of the dissolution process, binary mixtures of the model polymers and rabbits as model animals. Further studies on binary mixtures of the Methocel® and Ethocel ® may ensure their utility in formulation of extended release tablets of other similarly low dose water insoluble drugs. Extensive preclinical studies and clinical trials of the presently developed tablet formulations need to be conducted to determine improvement in safety profiles of the model drugs.
بجلی کے بحران پر قابو کیسے پایا جاسکتا ہے نہ چھوڑیں واپڈا والے اگر بجلی تو کیا غم ہے ’’یدِ بیضا لیے بیٹھے ہیں اپنی آستینوں میں‘‘ انسان گھر میں موجود ہے۔ گھر کا سارا نظام اس کی سر پرستی میں بحسن وخوبی رواں دواں ہے۔ دریں اثناء گھر کے آنگن میں خفتہ شیر خوار بچہ آواز کے ساتھ رورہا ہے اور اس کے رونے کی وجہ کوئی بیماری نہیں، کوئی اور خار جی عمل نہیں صرف اور صرف لوڈ شیڈنگ کے سبب شدت حرارت ہے جس نے معصوم کی نیند حرام کر دی ہے، اس کی اس بے چینی نے والدین کے قویٰ کومضمحل کر دیا ہے اور پورے گھر میں ایک بحران کی سی کیفیت ہوگئی ہے۔ اور اس قسم کے بحران صرف کسی خاص علاقے میں نہیں ہیں بلکہ ملک کی کثیر آبادی اس سے متاثر ہے۔ برقی رو کی کمی یا قلت سے ہر ایک متاثر ہوتا ہے۔ لائبریری میں کوئی پرسکون فضاء میں محو مطالعہ کتب ہو، یا ظرف ہائے طعام اُٹھائے موجود غلام گردش ہو، کوئی کوچہ بازار میں موجود ہو، یا کوئی گھر کی بالکونی میں قیام پذیر ہو، کوئی صنعتکاری کے میدان سے مربوط ہو، یا کوئی زراعت و کاشتکاری کے میدان سے وابستہ سب کے سب بجلی سے نبردآزما ہیں۔ اس بحران پر قابو پانے کے لیے اقلیم عقل و خرد کی فرمانروائی کے ساتھ نصرت الٰہی کا طلبگار ہونا ہو گا۔ اس مہیب سائے کواجالے میں بدلنے کے لیے ابتدائی طور پر کاشانۂ خویش کو سامنے رکھنا ہو گا۔ اصراف وتبذیر جیسی خصائل قبیحہ سے کنار کشی اختیار کرنی ہوگی ،کفایت شعاری جیسی خصلت صالحہ کو اوڑھنا بچھونا ہوگا۔ اگر ایک شخص فضول خرچی جیسی لعنت سے چھٹکارا حاصل نہ کرے اور دن رات اسی عادت سے وابستہ رہے تووہ بھی اپنے مقصد میں کامیاب نہیں ہو...
Women employment is a practical issue of the modern age. It is adopted by almost all the nations and countries of the world. In the western countries rights of women including employment, trade, property, education etc were recognized after the efforts ofWomen Liberation Movement. However, in Islam these were declared their basic rights since the first day. A western woman is bound to earn her livelihood as it is not the duty ofa western man to provide her basic needs. However, in Islam a woman is legally protected for the provision of all her basic needs and it is the duty of her father, brother, husband and son to provide these to her. Islam permits a woman to do a job or carry out trade activities and earn money subject to some conditions. These may be carried out by the permission of her husband, father, etc. Besides employment, a woman should perform her obligations at her home and family, which is her basic duty. She must be careful about her husband and children rights. She must observe Hijab and abstain from mixing with non-mehram men and should follow other social teachings of Islam. Wealth earned by her is considered her property and she can spend it any way at her discretion. Study of Islamic History revealed that many of the wives of the prophet (Sallalla ho alaihe wassalam) and Sahabiyat (RA) carried out business activities and performed other jobs and thus earned money. They spent it to assist the Prophet's noble cause and to assist their husbands and to care their children. These activities were considered authorized and endorsed by the prophet (Sallalla ho alaihe wassalam)
Teaching and learning mathematics is considered a boring and difficult task by the teachers as well as students where teachers have to take whole responsibility of transferring mathematics knowledge to students and students fearfully receive this knowledge as passive recipients. My experiences a learner and later as a teacher in the same situation has stimulated my thinking about a better and effective way of teaching and learning mathematics which could invite students' active participation in their own learning. Hence I took the opportunity to conduct a study according to my interest in mathematics teaching. The focus of my study was the implementation of the Do - Talk - Record strategy in lower secondary mathematics' class in a government school. The research was carried out for five weeks and the study was designed to follow three stages (pre-intervention, intervention and post-intervention). I followed a qualitative research design because qualitative research seeks to enlarge our sense of explanation and makes things understandable by means of explanation or interpretation. The observation of classroom practice, interview of research participants and my own teaching helped me with data collection. During the pre-intervention stage, I found that the teacher's current emphasis was on rote learning. Students blindly followed the procedure directed by the teacher. The purpose of my study was to create an environment for the students in which they became self learners and, they would relate mathematics to their daily life with anintent to promote long-term memory. Through the Do - Talk - Record strategy I tried to develop discussion skills in students. For that purpose I gave students some activities. During activities I recognised some teaching approaches which helped me to know how students learn; such as learning through misconception, learning through prior knowledge, learning by doing, learning by questioning and learning through discussion. I used those approaches which enabled me to support students' conceptual understanding of fraction'. The result of this approach enabled me to suggest some recommendations, like the Do - Talk - Record strategy be introduced in the educational institutions in Pakistan on a trial basis.