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Home > Development and Evaluation of Niosomal Formulations Containing Immunosuppressant Drug

Development and Evaluation of Niosomal Formulations Containing Immunosuppressant Drug

Thesis Info

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Author

Rehman, Mujeeb Ur

Program

PhD

Institute

Government College University

City

Faisalabad

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2019

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Pharmaceutics

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/12704/1/Mujeeb%20ur%20rehman%20Pharmaceutics%202019%20gcu%20fslbd%20prr.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676725857870

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In current era of controlled release drug products and targeted drug delivery, niosomes are novel formulations of enormous significance. Niosomes provide greater formulation adaptability, more prominent physical cohesion and chemical perseverance. Niosomes can entrap lipophilic drugs and drugs of hydrophilic nature. Furthermore they augment the solubility of less soluble drugs in water, along with prolonged release effect. Cyclosporine A (CsA) is an immunosuppressant drug of exceptional importance, and is adopted as model drug. This drug has a low therapeutic index, and it has many toxic effects. After oral administration its bioavailability is variable due to poor absorption. So prime goal of this research was to formulate niosomal vesicles of cyclosporine A, to enhance its solubility and sustained release effect, consequently enhancing its bioavailability. Thin film hydration method was used for the preparation niosomes. Eleven niosomal formulations were successfully prepared. Nonionic surfactants and cholesterol was used in formulations.To determine the average drug content of CsA, HPLC method was used. This method was also validated as per protocols of ICH and used in determination of entrapment efficiency, in vitro and in vivo studies. The size range of niosomal formulations were from 415 nm to 1049 nm. The polydispersity index and zeta potential was in range of 0.259 to 0.572 and 23.8 to 35.2 mV respectively. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the spherical shape of niosomes in finally selected niosomal formulation F10. In the formulations F1, F2, F3, F4, F5 and F6 the formulation F2 exhibited the highest entrapment of 77.28%. In F2 the ratio of sorbitan monostearate and polysorbate 60 with cholesterol was 6:4. In formulations F7, F8, F9, F10 and F11, F10 achieved the maximum entrapment efficiency. In formulation F10 nonionic surfactants used were span 20 and brij 35 along with cholesterol in ratio (1:1). This formulation F10 exhibited maximum entrapment efficiency of 89.31%. No significant shift of peaks was found in ATR-FTIR analysis, which designates that there were no interactions.and CsA is compatible with niosomal components. DSC thermograms of niosomal formulations depicts that in niosomes the drug is amorphous in nature. Stability studies were conducted for three months, and it was found that niosomes were stable at 4°C and 25°C. But at refrigerated temperature 4-8 °C the amount of drug retained in niosomes was greater than at 25°C. In vitro drug release testing depicts improved dissolution along with controlled release behavior in all formulations (F 1 – F11).In vitro release studies at pH 1.2 and 7.4 showed that for all niosomal formulations the percentage release of drug was significantly greater as compared to drug aqueous dispersion. Formulation F10 having span 20 and brij 35 mixed surfactants, presented better dissolution and augmented sustain release rates in comparison with other formulations. Kinetic modeling of drug release of niosomal vesicles exhibited that they follow zero order release. To calculate the release exponent (n) kinetic model of korsemeyer and peppas was used. It exhibited that drug transport mechanism is anomalous. For in-vivo studies selected optimized niosomal formulations F2 and F10 were figure out. As a control CsA aqueous dispersion was used. PK Solver software was used for analysis of pharmacokinetic parameters. The values of AUC 0-inf, Tmax and MRT 0-inf of niosomal formulations F10 and F2 were significantly greater than the CAD, confirming the sustained release and improved bioavailability of CsA. However, F10 formulation displayed greater AUC 0-t, Cmax and mean residence time as compared to F2, due to mixed surfactant system of span 20 and brij 35 used in F10 formulation along with cholesterol which improves the bioavailability and results in more sustain release effect of CsA. So it was found that niosomal formulations based on mixed surfactants, is effective delivery system for prolonged delivery of CsA along with improved oral bioavailability.
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’’خدائے سخن‘‘ کی نظمیں

خدائے سخن‘‘ کی نظمیں

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نظم میں موضوع کی کوئی پابندی نہیں ہوتی۔اس میں کسی بھی موضوع پر اظہار خیال کیا جا سکتا ہے موضوع چاہے تاریخی ہویا جغرافیائی دینی ہویا دنیاوی،تہذیبی ہویا ثقافتی،معاشی ہو یا معاشرتی،سیاسی ہو یا مذہبی،قومی ہو یا انقلابی،قدیم ہو یا جدیدعلمی ہو یا ادبی غرض ہر موضوع اور دنیا کے ہر معاملے،زندگی کے ہر مسئلے اور کائنات کے ہر پہلو پر نظم لکھی جا سکتی ہے۔

موضوع کی طرح نظم کے لیے خاص ہیئت کی پابندی ضروری نہیں جس طرح نظم کا کوئی بھی موضوع منتخب کیا جا سکتا ہے اسی طرح نظم لکھنے کے لیے کوئی بھی ہیئت اختیار کی جا سکتی ہے۔اگرچہ روائیتی طور پر نظم کی کچھ خاص اصناف کے لیے خاص ہیئت مخصوص ہیں۔مگر عام طور پر نظم کے لیے کوئی خاص ہیئت مقرر نہیں کی گئی،یہ بات ہمیں عطا محمد عنبر کی نظموں کی کتاب ’’خدائے سخن‘‘ میں دیکھنے کو ملتی ہے۔انہوں نیاپنے اس شعری مجموعہ میں جو نظمیں شامل کی ہیں۔ان کو مختلف ہیئتوں میں لکھا ہے کہیں کہیں نظم کا تاثر پھیکا پڑتا دکھائی دیتا ہیاور غزلیہ رنگ نمایا ں نظر آتا ہے۔کیونکہ آپ کی بہت ساری نظموں میں سے ایک سے...

فتوی کا اسلامی منہج: مجموع فتاوی ابن تیمیہ کے تناظر میں

Im฀m Ibn Taymiyyah is a well-known scholar of Muslims. He was an ocean of knowledge and wisdom. His books prove his excellence He was born in 661 Hijrah in Harr฀n (Syria). He learned every kind of knowledge especially religious knowledge i. E knowledge of Qur’฀n, Tafs฀r, Had฀th, Fiqh, Jurisprudence, philosophy, inheritance law, mathematics, grammar, literature, and poetry etc. He wrote hundreds of books about the above mentioned fields. He was permitted to give Fatw฀ (verdict) in his early age. He was successful in achieving the position of Ijtih฀d (authoritative interpretation of Islamic Law). Ibn Taymiyyah Studied the Profound Books of religions and sects. Then he analyzed the works in the light of senior Imams and Qur฀n and Sunnah. He is an extra ordinary person in his knowledge and writings. In brief we can say the fatw฀s of Imam Ibn Taymiyyah have printed in thirty seven volumes. His first ratiocination in Fatwa is from the Holy Qur฀n. He presents the arguments from the Hadith and Sunnah of the Holy Prophet (S. A. W). He considered Ijm฀ ‘ (consensus of Muslim opinion) as a proof of Shar฀‘ah. He presents the point of view of various schools of thought, He trusted in the books of ancient scholars. He also answers the anticipating ambiguity and complication. A few of his fatwas begin with all praise to Allah. His fatw฀s are concordant with the life of the Muslims. In this article a deep study of fatwa of Ibn Taymiyyah has been taken as a guideline for fatwa in Islamic methodology.

Labeling of Graphs and Hypergraphs

An undirected graph G is said to be simple if it has no multi-edges and self-loops. If G is connected and has no cycles, it is called an acyclic graph or simply a tree. Labeling (or valuation) of a graph is a map that carries graph elements (vertices and edges) to numbers (usually positive integers). If a labeling uses the vertex-set (edge-set) only then it becomes a vertex-labeling (an edge-labeling), respectively. Labeling is called total if the domain consists of both vertex and edge sets. There are many types of graph labeling but this study emphasizes on antimagic and odd graceful labelings. Kotzig and Rosa have conjectured in a paper that every tree is edge-magic. Later on, Enomoto, Llado, Nakamigawa and Ringel have proposed the conjecture that every tree is a super (a, d)-edge-antimagic total graph when d = 0. Lee and Shah tried to prove this conjecture using computer but failed, they were able to verify it on trees of at most seventeen vertices. The current study is mainly devoted to investigate a super (a, d)-edge-antimagic total labeling of various subclasses of trees: subdivided stars, subdivided caterpillars and exten- ded w-trees. It is also proved that for different values of d the disjoint union of isomorphic and non-isomorphic copies of extended w-trees are super (a, d)-edge-antimagic total. Moreover, the existence of an odd graceful labeling is determined on disjoint union of cycles and paths. Hypergraphs are natural extension of graphs in which elements correspond to nodes (vertices), sets correspond to the edges which are allowed to connect more than two nodes. In this dissertation, a general idea related to the construction of linear h-uniform star hypergraphs is given and it is proved that disjoint union of h-uniform star hypergraphs admits an antimagic vertex labeling.