The present study was based on the development and evaluation of sustained release matrix tablets of antiepileptic drugs using natural gums and polymers. The carbamazepine and Phenytoin sodium were selected as model drugs and 48 formulations were prepared for each drug. The wet granulation and solvent evaporation methods were applied for the preparation of sustained release formulations of each drug. The guar gum, xanthan gum, HPMC, CMC and PVP-K90 were used alone and in combination in various drug to polymer ratio and the sustaining effect of these formulations were evaluated. After preparation, all the formulations were evaluated for various physical characteristics. The angle of repose, LBD, TBD, compressibility index, content uniformity of granules and hardness, thickness, friability, weight variation and drug content test were conducted for the evaluation of tablets. The drug release was studied using USP apparatus-I and various models like zero order, first order, Higuchi, Hixson- Crowell, and Korsmeyer were applied to the formulations in order to determine the drug release mechanism of these formulations. All the natural gums and polymers were subjected to prepare various formulations with drug to polymer ratio 1:1, 1:1.5, and 1:2. Formulations in which the natural gums (guar gum and xanthan gum) were used alone with drug to polymer ratio 1:1, 1:1.5, and 1:2. It was observed that both guar gum and Xanthan gum retards the drug release from the matrix tablets of both Carbamazepine and Phenytoin sodium up to 24 hours with drug to polymer ratio 1:2 formulation. Formulations containing HPMC alone as a sustaining agent retards the drug release for both the drugs up to 12 hours with drug to polymer ratio 1:2. CMC used in formulations alone as a retarding material, prolong the release of the drugs from the matrix tablets up to 8 hours with drug to polymer ratio 1:2. Similarly the polymers PVP-K90 were used alone in formulations where it sustained the drug release with drug to polymer ratio 1:2 up to 6 hours. It was also observed that when natural gums were incorporated with other polymers in formulations containing HPMC, CMC, and PVP-K90, enhance the sustaining effect as compared with the formulations prepared with polymers alone. It was observed that increasing polymers concentration decreased the release rate and enhanced sustaining effect. It was also seen that matrix tablets prepared by solvent evaporation method showed constant release, while those prepared by wet granulation method resulted fluctuation in release kinetics. Formulations prepared using natural gums with drug to gum ratios of 1:2 were subjected to in-vivo studies that showed promising results. Stability studies of successful formulations at normal and accelerated conditions were also carried out.
جہلم دا سفر دل آکھے میں جہلم جانا ’’ڈھوک رجو‘‘ جا درشن پانا بس ٹر گئی یار قبولے پئی دیندی پیار دے جھولے میں جانا عشق سکولے میں تے ربا کرم کمانا بس آ گئی عارف والے سانوں مل گئے دیس نکالے جنھاں عشق دے دیوے بالے اگے جا کے موج منانا بس آ گئی ساہیوال میرا پیر بڑا لجپال دیندا دل دے دیوے بال میرے دل نوں نور بنانا بس آ گئی شہر اوکاڑے کیویں پائے عشق پواڑے گھر کتنے ایس اُجاڑے سانوں خیر دیدار دا پانا بس آ گئی شہر لاہور چلے دل تے نہ کوئی زور اوہدی دید نوں پاوے شور دل دے کے یار منانا
بس آ گئی گجرانوالہ نہیں عشق دا پندھ سوکھالا ساڈا اللہ اے رکھوالا پردیس چ نہ گھبرانا
بس آ گئی وچ گجرات ساڈے نال ہووے گل وات سانوں دے سجناں اک جھات ساڈے دل دا شوق ودھانا
بس آ گئی اے وچ کھاریاں اساں بڑیاں واجاں ماریاں سن سجناں ساڈیاں زاریاں سانوں در تے آپ بلانا بس ’’عالم گیر سرائے‘‘ اساں یار دے نیڑے آئے ساڈے نین بڑے ترہائے سانوں سوہنا مکھ وکھانا
بس اپڑی جہلم اڈے اسیں بھیڑے کم سب چھڈے ساڈے لیکھ ہوئے اج وڈے اساں جہلم وقت لنگھانا
پھڑ ویگن گئے سنگوئی اسیں کلے، نال نہ کوئی لاہ مکھ توں سجناں لوئی اساں ول ول درشن پانا
اسیں ’’ڈھوک رجو‘‘ وچ آئے ساتھے رب نے کرم کمائے اسیں قادریؔ! درشن پائے دل آکھے ، مڑ نہیں جانا
Indus Waters Treaty is the most comprehensive and complex document which divides Indus Rivers System between India and Pakistan. It has continued to function through three wars and various political tensions between both neighboring states. It was signed in 1960 when no international law was available to deal the non-navigational uses of the international watercourses. Since the Helsinki rules were adopted by the International Association of Law in 1966 and the United Nations Convention on International Water Courses was approved by the United Nations General Assembly in 1997, both documents have little effect on the terms and conditions of the Indus Waters Treaty. This paper is an attempt to explore the relevance of the provisions of the Treaty to the contemporary international law on non-navigational uses of the international rivers
The use of bioengineered veins can benefit humans needing bypass surgery and dialysis. The implant of microchannel (bio-microdevice) as a replacement of varicose veins has significant advantages over the conventional treatment methods. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT), vein patch repair, pulmonary embolus, and tissuedamaging problems can be solved with this implant. Around 26% adult people mostly females are affected by varicose veins in old age. It is a common reason of distress, loss of efficiency and worsening the living conditions. Several traditional treatment techniques (sclerotherapy and foam sclerotherapy of large veins, laser surgeries and radiofrequency, vein ligation and stripping, ambulatory phlebectomy and endoscopic vein surgery) have been adopted for treatment and proper handling of this disease. This research presents biomedical microdevices as an alternative for varicose veins. MATLAB and ANSYS Fluent have been used for simulation of blood flow through bioengineered veins with real and actual conditions. The silver based ascending and descending sinusoidal microchannels have been fabricated by using the micromachining process. These microchannels can be inserted into varicose veins as a replacement to maintain the excellent blood flow in human legs. This study presents an alternative method for implant of ascending and descending sinusoidal microchannels (ASMC and DSMC) for varicose vein. After simulation and fabrication, experimental testing was performed. All simulated and experimental results are in a close agreement with real time conditions. Consequently, ASMC and DSMC can be implanted in varicose veins as a new treatment to continue the excellent blood flow in human legs from the same place to avoid tissue damaging and other problems.