Gastroesophageal reflux disorders (GERD) along with peptic ulcers are most common health problems in developing countries. The present study aimed to evaluate the raft forming bilayer tablets of sustained release (SR) pantoprazole sodium sesquihydrate (PSS) and immediate release (IR) domperidone maleate (DM). The box behnken design (BBD) was used with three independent and dependent variables. The independent variables were sodium alginate (X1), pectin (X2) and HPMC K100M (X3) while the dependent variables were percentage drug release at 2 (Y2), 4 (Y4) and 8 h (Y8). The powdered blend and prepared granules of SR and IR layer were evaluated for their micromeritic properties. The bilayer tablets were evaluated for thickness, diameter, weight variation, hardness, friability and disintegration time. The alginate-pectin rafts were evaluated for their physical, chemical and swelling properties. The alginate-pectin rafts were characterized by their strength, weight, volume, resilience, reflux resistance, thickness, buffering capacity, neutralizing capacity, floating lag time (FLT) and total floating time (TFT). The alginate and pectin contents within the raft, acid neutralization capacity (ANC), neutralization profile and effect of raft structure on the neutralization profile of alginate-pectin rafts were evaluated. The drug release studies of PSS and DM were carried out in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) pH 1.2. The release kinetics of PSS was determined by different in vitro kinetics models such as zero order, first order, higuchi and Korsmeyer-peppas model. The release kinetics of DM was calculated by zero order, first order and weibull model. The drugs, polymers, bilayer tablets and alginate-pectin rafts were further characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffractometry (XRD), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method was developed for the separation of PSS and DM by using C18 column with UV detection at 285 nm in mobile phase as well as in rabbit’s plasma. Assay of the bilayer tablets were performed by already developed HPLC methods in mobile phase as well as in rabbit’s plasma. The optimized formulation R9 was selected on the basis of the physico-chemical characteristics of alginate-pectin raft, release pattern and release kinetics. The accelerated stability studies were performed on optimized formulation R9 for a period of 6 months in stability chamber at 40 ºC temperature and 75±5 % relative humidity. Albino rats were used for the histopathological examination of rat’s stomach by aspirin ulcer induced method of the test and reference formulation. Albino rabbits were used to study the pharmacokinetics of PSS and DM. The prepared bilayer tablets were evaluated for in vivo analysis on healthy albino rabbits using Latin square crossover design. The time to reach maximum concentration of PSS and DM in plasma (tmax), maximum concentration of PSS and DM (Cmax), area under the curve (AUC) from 0-t and 0-∞, area under the first movement curve (AUMC) and mean residence time (MRT) were calculated. The non-compartmental analysis was used to calculate the pharmacokinetic parameters using PK solver Microsoft excel adds in program. The statistical approaches such as descriptive statistics, ANOVA and tukey test were used. In ANOVA all results were considered statistically significant if the p value was less than 0.05. the tukey test was used for means of different groups means. The PSS release at 2 h (Y2), 4 h (Y4) and 8 h (Y8) were ranged from 16.58±0.090-47.78±0.121 %, 45.12±0.102-69.19±0.163 % and 77.45±0.021-98.76±0.071 % respectively. The physical tests of all compressed formulations were within pharmacopoeial limits. The alginatepectin raft was effectively formed in SGF pH 1.2. Observed raft strength of optimized formulation R9 was 6.43±0.019 g, reflux resistance was 2490±0.004 g, thickness of raft was 4.8±0.245 cm and raft resilience was found to be greater than 480 min. Rapid FLT i.e. 55 s was observed and delayed 8 h TFT was observed in R9 optimized formulation. The buffering and neutralizing capacity were 11.20±1.01 meq and 6.5±0.56 meq respectively. The percent contents of sodium alginate and pectin of R9 formulation were found to be 99.20 % and 97.20 % respectively. The ANC, duration of neutralization and nature of R9 alginate-pectin raft were 8.0±0.356 (p value is less than 0.001), 100 min and absorbent. The R9 formulation showed 97.98 % swelling at 8 h (p=0.001). The cumulative percentage release of optimized formulation R9 was found to be 98.76 % for PSS and 98.45% for DM. The PSS followed the first order kinetics and non-fickian diffusion was observed as value of n was greater than 0.7 in korsmeyer-peppas. The release kinetics of DM showed first order release and weibull model indicated the parabolic shape of drug release curve. FTIR spectra of drugs, polymers, bilayer tablets and raft showed no interaction between them. The XRD presented diffraction lines indicates crystalline nature of drugs and disappearance of the diffraction lines in bilayer tablets and raft indicates the drugs were uniformly distributed. DSC thermograms showed endothermic peaks at 250 ºC for PSS and 220 ºC for DM. SEM images showed porous nature of raft. The SEM images of bilayer tablets showed compact nature of tablets and SEM micrograph of the raft showed a highly porous surface, this indicate the diffusion of the drug from raft to the surface. The separation of PSS and DM with good resolution and retention time less than 7 min were attained in mobile phase as well as in plasma. Quadratic outcome of flow rate, composition of mobile phase and pH of buffer on retention time (p ˂0.001) and percentage recoveries of PSS and DM (p =0.0016) were significant. The regression values obtained from linearity curve of PSS and DM were 0.999 and 0.9994 respectively. Percentage recoveries of PSS and DM were ranged from 96.79 to 99.52 % and 95.51 to 99.52 % respectively. The assay of optimized R9 formulation showed the percentage of PSS and DM were found to be 98.89±0.5 % and 99.89±0.5 % respectively. The stability studies showed the bilayer tablets and alginate-pectin rafts were stable under accelerated conditions for up to 6 months. Histopathological studies showed the optimized R9 formulation possessed more antiulcerant activity as compared to the marketed products of PSS. The tmax of the test and reference formulations of DM were 1.00±0.093 h and 1.00±0.120 h respectively. Observed Cmax of the test formulation of DM was 15.11±1.608 µg/ml, which was greater as compared to reference formulation i.e. 12.06±1.234 µg/ml. The AUC(0-t) and AUC(0-∞) of the test formulation of DM was 59.02±2.240 µg×h/ml and 80.15±6.042 µg×h/ml respectively. AUC(0-t) and AUC(0-∞) of the reference formulation of DM was 56.31±1.406 µg×h/ml and 78.94±5.939 µg×h/ml respectively. The tmax for the test formulation of PSS was 8.00±2.135 h (P=0.0001) and the tmax of the reference was 4.00±1.301 h (P=0.0024). The peak plasma concentration of PSS of R9 test and reference formulation were 48.06±0.347 µg/ml and 46.31±0.398 µg/ml respectively. The observed AUC(0-t) of PSS of the R9 test formulation was 525.39±3.437 µg×h/ml which was higher than the AUC(0-t) of reference formulation i.e. 364.63±2.014 µg×h/ml indicating the bioavailability of test formulation was higher than the reference formulation. AUC(0-∞) values of test and reference formulations of PSS were 554.61±8.974 µg×h/ml and 394.14±7.239 µg×h/ml respectively. One-way ANOVA was applied on pharmacokinetic data and value of p was less than 0.05 and results were statistically significant. The obtained p value of tmax and Cmax were 0.0011 and 0.0024 respectively indicates the results are statistically significant. AUC(0-t) and AUC(0-∞) showed p value less than 0.05 indicates the results are statistically significant.
محمد الدین فوق (۱۸۷۷ء) کوٹلی ہر نرائن سیالکوٹ پیدا ہوئے۔ فوقؔ تخلص کرتے تھے۔ فوق بڑے ذہین تھے۔ طالب علمی کے زمانہ میں نظیر اکبر آبادی کی ایک مشہور نظم ’’کیا خوب سودا نقد ہے‘ اس ہاتھ دے اس ہاتھ لے‘‘ کا فارسی نظم میں ترجمہ کیا۔ فوق فطری شاعر تھے اور بچپن سے ہی موزوں طبع تھے۔ فوق نے ۱۸۹۲ء میں شعر کہنے شروع کئے۔(۱۶۰)
ان کا ایک ایک شعر وطن(کشمیر) کی محبت اور اسلام کے درد میں ڈوبا ہوا ہے۔ فوق پہلے شاعر ہیں جنہوں نے مستقل طور پر مسلمانِ کشمیر کی ترجمانی کرتے ہوئے دنیا کو ان کی مظلومیت سے آگاہ کیا۔
آپ کی شاعری کا مقصد مسلمانوں کی اصلاح بھی تھا۔ اقبال نے ’’شکوہ‘‘ اور ’’جواب شکوہ‘‘ نظمیں لکھی ہیں۔ فوق نے بھی اسی طرح ’’بڈ شاہ کی روح سے خطاب‘‘ نظم میں کشمیریوں کی زبوں حالی کا اسی لہجہ میں رونا رویا ہے۔ فوق غزل میں داغ دہلوی اور قومی نظموں میں علامہ اقبال سے متاثر تھے۔ فوق کا شعری کلام ہندوستان کے معروف رسائل میں چھپتا رہا۔آپ کا پہلا شعری مجموعہ ’’کلامِ فوق‘‘ کے نام سے ۱۹۰۹ء میں شائع ہوا۔ اس مجموعے کے دو حصے ہیں۔ پہلے حصے میں ۱۸۹۵ء سے ۱۹۰۱ء تک کا کلام ہے اس حصے میں غزلیں زیادہ ہیں۔ دوسرا حصہ ۱۹۰۲ء سے ۱۹۰۹ء تک کے کلام پر محیط ہے۔ اس حصے میں نظموں کی تعداد بھی خاصی ہے۔ کلامِ فوق کا دوسرا ایڈیشن ۱۹۳۳ء میں شائع ہوا اس کی ضخامت ۱۴۰ صفحات سے بڑھ کر ۲۴۰ صفحات تک پہنچ گئی ہے۔ اس میں پروفیسر علم الدین کا مفصل دیباچہ بھی شامل ہے۔ فوق کا دوسرا شعری مجموعہ ’’نغمہ و گلزار‘‘ کے نام سے ۱۹۴۱ء میں شائع ہوا۔ اس کی ضخامت ۱۸۴ صفحات ہے اس کا دیباچہ مولانا عبد اﷲ قریشی نے لکھا ہے۔
اگر فوق کی شاعری کا مطالعہ کیا جائے تو راکھ کے ڈھیروں...
The Message of Allah (Qura'n) is error free from all type of mistakes. Both wordily, literally because Allah has taken the responsibility of the protection of it. Allah has produced a chain of scholars (Mufaŝserïn) for the protection of meaning of the Holy Qura'n. These scholars have explained the meaning of every aspect and angle of the Holy Qura'n in different languages of the world in a dignified manner. By the grace of Allah and due to the hard work and sincere efforts of these scholars the Tafs┘r of Holy Qura'n is present in its original condition. In this matter the efforts of this great Scholar is worth mentioning, especially his Tafs┘r [Al-Badiĕ fĕ M┐rifa Ma┐n┘ Kalām Rabßan┐ Al-sam┘] is short but contain precise and precious points, is the master piece of literature and knowledge. In Pakistan and particular in the Punjab province he is the personality who follow the Hanafi school of thought setting aside the conflicts, with strong arguments served the Qura'n and Had┘th for his life time. Below article is critical appreciation of mention Tafs┘r.
Nitrogen (N) is the most important crop nutrient for improving crop productivity in rice-wheat cropping system. The continuous use of chemical fertilizer would lead gradual to decline of organic matter content and native N status in the soil, and decrease productivity in rice-wheat system. Alternatives have to be found out to improve the productive capacity of rice soils. Therefore, the present research was designed to investigate the application effect of six different organic N sources (OS) applied alone and in various combinations (75: 25, 50: 50 and 25: 75 %) with urea (U) on rice hybrid (Oryza sativa L., cv. Pukhraj), and their residual effects on the yield and yield components of subsequent wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Siren). The field experiment was carried out on farmer’s field at Butkhela (Malakand) during 2011-13. The results revealed that the rest (N applied plots) showed better growth, higher yield and profitability than control (N not applied) in both crops. The inorganic N fertilizer (urea) was more beneficial in terms of better growth, yield, yield components, and profitability in case of current rice crop but had the less residual soil residual N after rice harvest that showed negative impact on the yield, yield components and profitability of subsequent wheat crop when compared with OS. Among the six OS used [three each from animal manures (AM) and three crop residues (CR)], poultry manure (PM) improved growth, yield components, biological (16331 kg ha-1) and grain yields (8459 kg ha-1), rice grains N contents (22%), soil N content (726 mg kg-1) after rice harvest, and had the highest profitability (192,000 PKR) than other OS. Results revealed that application of wheat straw resulted in the lowest biological (13020 and 7916 kg ha-1) and grain yields (6200 and 3219 kg ha-1) in both crops respectively and also had the less profitability (28,000 and 39,000 PKR) under rice-wheat system. Among the three ratios used, applying the required N (120 kg N ha-1) at the rate of 50% each from urea and OS (50:50) improved growth, biological (19415 and 8298 kg ha-1) and grain yields (9417 and 3451 kg ha-1 ) of rice and wheat, respectively, and also had the highest profitability (328,000 PKR) under rice-wheat cropping system. In both years, the yield and yield componetns, and profiatibility was higher while using mixtures of urea + AM than Urea + CR. The combine application of U + PM had the most positive, while, U + WR showed the most neagtive impact on yield and profitability under rice-wheat system. Increase in yield and yield components of the subsequent wheat crop was noticed with the increase in residual soil N (sole OS > OS + urea > sole urea > control). It can be concluded from the present findings that combined application of organic sources with urea not only improved growth, yield and yield components and profitability of the current rice crop; but their residual effects also increased yield, yield components and profitability of the subsequent wheat crop. It was therefore, suggested that application of organic sources in combination with urea (50:50) could increase the productivity, soil fertility and profitability under rice-wheat cropping system on sustainable basis.