Gastroesophageal reflux disorders (GERD) along with peptic ulcers are most common health problems in developing countries. The present study aimed to evaluate the raft forming bilayer tablets of sustained release (SR) pantoprazole sodium sesquihydrate (PSS) and immediate release (IR) domperidone maleate (DM). The box behnken design (BBD) was used with three independent and dependent variables. The independent variables were sodium alginate (X1), pectin (X2) and HPMC K100M (X3) while the dependent variables were percentage drug release at 2 (Y2), 4 (Y4) and 8 h (Y8). The powdered blend and prepared granules of SR and IR layer were evaluated for their micromeritic properties. The bilayer tablets were evaluated for thickness, diameter, weight variation, hardness, friability and disintegration time. The alginate-pectin rafts were evaluated for their physical, chemical and swelling properties. The alginate-pectin rafts were characterized by their strength, weight, volume, resilience, reflux resistance, thickness, buffering capacity, neutralizing capacity, floating lag time (FLT) and total floating time (TFT). The alginate and pectin contents within the raft, acid neutralization capacity (ANC), neutralization profile and effect of raft structure on the neutralization profile of alginate-pectin rafts were evaluated. The drug release studies of PSS and DM were carried out in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) pH 1.2. The release kinetics of PSS was determined by different in vitro kinetics models such as zero order, first order, higuchi and Korsmeyer-peppas model. The release kinetics of DM was calculated by zero order, first order and weibull model. The drugs, polymers, bilayer tablets and alginate-pectin rafts were further characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffractometry (XRD), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method was developed for the separation of PSS and DM by using C18 column with UV detection at 285 nm in mobile phase as well as in rabbit’s plasma. Assay of the bilayer tablets were performed by already developed HPLC methods in mobile phase as well as in rabbit’s plasma. The optimized formulation R9 was selected on the basis of the physico-chemical characteristics of alginate-pectin raft, release pattern and release kinetics. The accelerated stability studies were performed on optimized formulation R9 for a period of 6 months in stability chamber at 40 ºC temperature and 75±5 % relative humidity. Albino rats were used for the histopathological examination of rat’s stomach by aspirin ulcer induced method of the test and reference formulation. Albino rabbits were used to study the pharmacokinetics of PSS and DM. The prepared bilayer tablets were evaluated for in vivo analysis on healthy albino rabbits using Latin square crossover design. The time to reach maximum concentration of PSS and DM in plasma (tmax), maximum concentration of PSS and DM (Cmax), area under the curve (AUC) from 0-t and 0-∞, area under the first movement curve (AUMC) and mean residence time (MRT) were calculated. The non-compartmental analysis was used to calculate the pharmacokinetic parameters using PK solver Microsoft excel adds in program. The statistical approaches such as descriptive statistics, ANOVA and tukey test were used. In ANOVA all results were considered statistically significant if the p value was less than 0.05. the tukey test was used for means of different groups means. The PSS release at 2 h (Y2), 4 h (Y4) and 8 h (Y8) were ranged from 16.58±0.090-47.78±0.121 %, 45.12±0.102-69.19±0.163 % and 77.45±0.021-98.76±0.071 % respectively. The physical tests of all compressed formulations were within pharmacopoeial limits. The alginatepectin raft was effectively formed in SGF pH 1.2. Observed raft strength of optimized formulation R9 was 6.43±0.019 g, reflux resistance was 2490±0.004 g, thickness of raft was 4.8±0.245 cm and raft resilience was found to be greater than 480 min. Rapid FLT i.e. 55 s was observed and delayed 8 h TFT was observed in R9 optimized formulation. The buffering and neutralizing capacity were 11.20±1.01 meq and 6.5±0.56 meq respectively. The percent contents of sodium alginate and pectin of R9 formulation were found to be 99.20 % and 97.20 % respectively. The ANC, duration of neutralization and nature of R9 alginate-pectin raft were 8.0±0.356 (p value is less than 0.001), 100 min and absorbent. The R9 formulation showed 97.98 % swelling at 8 h (p=0.001). The cumulative percentage release of optimized formulation R9 was found to be 98.76 % for PSS and 98.45% for DM. The PSS followed the first order kinetics and non-fickian diffusion was observed as value of n was greater than 0.7 in korsmeyer-peppas. The release kinetics of DM showed first order release and weibull model indicated the parabolic shape of drug release curve. FTIR spectra of drugs, polymers, bilayer tablets and raft showed no interaction between them. The XRD presented diffraction lines indicates crystalline nature of drugs and disappearance of the diffraction lines in bilayer tablets and raft indicates the drugs were uniformly distributed. DSC thermograms showed endothermic peaks at 250 ºC for PSS and 220 ºC for DM. SEM images showed porous nature of raft. The SEM images of bilayer tablets showed compact nature of tablets and SEM micrograph of the raft showed a highly porous surface, this indicate the diffusion of the drug from raft to the surface. The separation of PSS and DM with good resolution and retention time less than 7 min were attained in mobile phase as well as in plasma. Quadratic outcome of flow rate, composition of mobile phase and pH of buffer on retention time (p ˂0.001) and percentage recoveries of PSS and DM (p =0.0016) were significant. The regression values obtained from linearity curve of PSS and DM were 0.999 and 0.9994 respectively. Percentage recoveries of PSS and DM were ranged from 96.79 to 99.52 % and 95.51 to 99.52 % respectively. The assay of optimized R9 formulation showed the percentage of PSS and DM were found to be 98.89±0.5 % and 99.89±0.5 % respectively. The stability studies showed the bilayer tablets and alginate-pectin rafts were stable under accelerated conditions for up to 6 months. Histopathological studies showed the optimized R9 formulation possessed more antiulcerant activity as compared to the marketed products of PSS. The tmax of the test and reference formulations of DM were 1.00±0.093 h and 1.00±0.120 h respectively. Observed Cmax of the test formulation of DM was 15.11±1.608 µg/ml, which was greater as compared to reference formulation i.e. 12.06±1.234 µg/ml. The AUC(0-t) and AUC(0-∞) of the test formulation of DM was 59.02±2.240 µg×h/ml and 80.15±6.042 µg×h/ml respectively. AUC(0-t) and AUC(0-∞) of the reference formulation of DM was 56.31±1.406 µg×h/ml and 78.94±5.939 µg×h/ml respectively. The tmax for the test formulation of PSS was 8.00±2.135 h (P=0.0001) and the tmax of the reference was 4.00±1.301 h (P=0.0024). The peak plasma concentration of PSS of R9 test and reference formulation were 48.06±0.347 µg/ml and 46.31±0.398 µg/ml respectively. The observed AUC(0-t) of PSS of the R9 test formulation was 525.39±3.437 µg×h/ml which was higher than the AUC(0-t) of reference formulation i.e. 364.63±2.014 µg×h/ml indicating the bioavailability of test formulation was higher than the reference formulation. AUC(0-∞) values of test and reference formulations of PSS were 554.61±8.974 µg×h/ml and 394.14±7.239 µg×h/ml respectively. One-way ANOVA was applied on pharmacokinetic data and value of p was less than 0.05 and results were statistically significant. The obtained p value of tmax and Cmax were 0.0011 and 0.0024 respectively indicates the results are statistically significant. AUC(0-t) and AUC(0-∞) showed p value less than 0.05 indicates the results are statistically significant.
مولانا محفوظ الرحمن نامی افسوس ہے کہ ایک طویل علالت کے بعد گذشتہ مہینہ مولانا محفوظ الرحمن صاحب نامی نے وفات پائی مرحوم ایک ممتاز عالم دین، خوش بیان واعظ اور عملی انسان تھے، انھوں نے مسلمانوں کی بڑی مفید علمی تعلیمی اور ملی خدمات انجام دیں، وہ سیاسی خیالات میں قوم پرور تھے، اور ان کا اتنا اثر تھا کہ لیگ اور کانگریس کے اختلاف کے شباب کے زمانہ میں اسمبلی کے انتخاب میں مسلم پارلیمنٹری بورڈ کے ٹکٹ پر لیگ کے امیدوار کے مقابلہ میں کامیاب اور شعبۂ تعلیم میں پارلیمنٹری سکریٹری مقرر ہوئے، لیکن وہ ایک دیندار اور باحمیت مسلمان تھے، اس لیے زیادہ دنوں تک حکومت کے ساتھ نہ چل سکے اور ایک مذہبی معاملہ میں ان کو اس عہدے سے الگ ہونا پڑا، درس و تدریس سے بھی ان کو ذوق تھا، نورالعلوم کے نام سے انھوں نے بہرائچ میں عربی کا ایک مدرسہ بھی قائم کیا تھا، نئے نظام تعلیم میں ان کو مسلمان بچوں کی تعلیمی مشکلات کا ذاتی تجربہ ہوچکا تھا، اس لیے پارلیمنٹری سکریٹری کے عہدہ سے الگ ہونے کے بعد وہ ہمہ تن مسلمان بچوں کی مذہبی تعلیم کی جدوجہد میں لگ گئے، اور درس قرآن کا ایک سلسلہ مرتب کیا جس سے بہ یک وقت ابتدائی عربی، ترجمہ قرآن اور اردو زبان تینوں کی تعلیم ہوجاتی تھی، یہ سلسلہ بہت مقبول ہوا، اور مولانا نے اس کی تبلیغ و اشاعت کے لیے ہندوستان بھر کا دورہ کیا اس غیر معمولی محنت سے ان کی صحت خراب ہوگئی اور ان پر فالج کا حملہ ہوگیا، اور سات آٹھ سال صاحب فراش رہنے کے بعد ۲۰؍ نومبر کو انتقال کیا، اﷲ تعالیٰ ان کی خدمات کو قبول اور ان کو اپنی رحمت و مغفرت سے سرفراز فرمائے۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی، دسمبر ۱۹۶۳ء)
Present study compares the level of public trust in political leadership and the parliament in two provinces of Pakistan: Punjab and Sindh. By applying ordinal logistic regression models, study finds that respondents from Punjab had significantly more trust in their leader and parliament of the country as compared to the participants from Sindh. The variable, government performance, was observed to be the major predictor of public trust in political leadership and parliament between Punjab and Sindh. Additionally, people’s interest in political affairs and conflict resolving behavior of leadership were two other variables which significantly predict public level of trust. The study suggests that respondents who were more interested in the political affairs revealed a high degree of trust in leadership and parliament. Conversely, participants who suffered from the lack of leadership interest in conflict resolving behavior showed low level of trust in both leadership and parliament in both provinces. It is concluded that public trust and distrust are significantly associated with the socio-economic development of the country. Present study may help to understand the factors that may cause public distrust in leadership and parliament of the country. ______
Education, being the third eye, not only differentiates living being from dead, but also brings rapid growth and development. No nation can progress in globalization without education. Education has become an investment in this era. Private and public sectors are jointly making investment in education in most of the countries of the world to maximize the human source production. They face many problems in this process. The central theme of the research is to analyze the problems of educational management in private sector relating to elementary education in the province of Sindh. The sampling procedure adapted in this study was that of random cluster sampling procedure. A sample of 400 head teachers was randomly selected from 200 schools of Sindh. The data were collected through closed ended and open ended questionnaire, interview and observation tools. Chi-square was used to test the major hypothesis. It was found that head teachers had low academic and professional qualifications. Most elementary schools were established by the individuals for self employment or commercial purpose. The majority of privates schools were unregistered and working without any legal authority. The unregistered schools faced more problems than registered ones. The head teachers / owners had faced many problems in getting schools registered due to lengthy and complicated registration process, harsh attitude of registration officers and delays made by registration authorities. The students leaving private school used to face lot of problems due to diversity in syllabus of private and public school. Many schools were facing the problems of non-availability of textbooks. The head teachers used to hire the services of the staff at any time as per need, without advertising the posts and interviewing the candidates. While making appointments, the professional qualifications of candidates were not taken into consideration. The appointment was purely temporary with no job security to teaching and non-teaching staff. The head teachers did not Problems of educational management in private sector nominate / depute teachers for teacher training. The most of schools did not have their own building with sufficient number of classrooms and proper seating arrangement. Many schools were running in rented houses. The schools running in rental house faced more problems than schools running in their own building. The furniture and fixture was not adequate in most of the schools. The position of availability of basic facilities like play ground, boundary wall, assembly place, science lab, water room, lavatories and computer labs was not satisfactory. The schools did not have transport facilities. There was no arrangement of professional guidance and counseling. The schools did not have medical checkup arrangements. There was bottom up (decentralized) approach in most of schools. In most of the schools fee was the only source of finance of school and they often used to increase fee, recruit and terminate staff without seeking government permission. The schools did not receive any kind of encouragement and support from government functionaries to implement school development plans. There was no monitoring and evaluation mechanism to enhance the teacher effectiveness and performance. The rural area schools had more problems than urban area schools. Similarly the management problems were more in schools headed by owners than schools headed by experienced professionals. The owners did not have proper knowledge about planning, staffing, organizing, controlling, supervising and budgeting. Finally, suggestions are given at the end of paper.