ہندوستانی اقبال شناس سید مظفر حسین برنی کے سوانح،آثار اور علمی و ادبی خدمات
فکرِ اقبال کو پروان چڑھانے اور ملتِ اسلامیہ کو بیدار کرنے کے لیے بہت سے ماہرین نے اقبال کے نظریات پر روشنی ڈالی ہے۔ اقبالیات کے موضوعات کی تفسیر و توسیع کے لیے بہت کچھ لکھا۔اس محنت کی بنا پر ایسے لوگ اقبا ل شناس کہلائے اور عوام میں پذیرائی حاصل کی۔ایسا ہی ایک نام سید مظفر حسین برنی بھی ہے۔آپ نے اقبال کے خطوط کو زمانی اورتاریخی ترتیب دی اور عوامی حلقوں میں پذیرائی حاصل کی۔آپ کا تعلق”برن“ (بلند شہر) کے ایک ذی وقار خانو ادے سے ہے۔
آپ 14۔ اگست 1923ء کو بلند شہر میں پیدا ہوئے اور آپ نے 7 فروری 2014ء کو دہلی میں وفات پائی ۔ آپ نے جس گھرانے میں آنکھ کھولی تھی اس میں خدمتِ علم وادب کی ایک طویل اور مسلسل روایت رہی ہے۔آپ کا تعلیمی سلسلہ بہت عمدہ رہا۔ بی۔اے میں انگریزی ادب میں ٹمپیل گولڈ میڈل حاصل کیا۔پھر انگریزی ہی میں ایم۔اے بھی کیا۔ 1947ء میں انڈین ایڈمنسٹریٹو سروس”آئی اے ایس“ کے مقابلہ کے پہلے امتحان میں کامیاب ہوئے اور ریاست اڑیسہ میں تعینات کیے گئے۔
مرکزی حکومت نے آپ کی صلاحیتوں سے بھر پور استفادہ کیا۔آپ جوائنٹ سیکرٹری کمیونٹی ڈویلپمنٹ رہے۔محکمہ زراعت میں جوائنٹ سیکرٹری رہے۔ایڈیشنل سیکرٹری وزارتِ پٹرولیم وکیمیکلزکاانتظامی عہدہ سنبھالے رکھا۔وزارتِ اطلاعات و نشریات کے اہم ترین ادارے میں سیکرٹری رہے۔بورڈ آف ریونیو میں رلیف کمشنر رہے۔چیف سیکرٹری اور ڈویلپمنٹ کمشنر کے اعلیٰ ترین عہدوں پر ذمہ داریاں سر انجام دیں۔وزارتِ داخلہ میں سیکرٹری جیسے عہدے پر کام کر کے نیک نامی حاصل کی۔ناگا لینڈ،منی پور،تری پورہ اور ہریانہ کے گورنر رہے۔مرکزی حکومت کے اقلیتی کمیشن کے چیرمین رہے۔پبلک سیکٹر کے تقریباً آٹھ اداروں میں ڈائریکٹر کی حیثیت سے ذمہ داریاں سرانجام دیں۔بہت سی بین الاقوامی کانفرنسوں میں شرکت کی...
Coetzee anticipates the moral dilemma of today's individuals, in order to achieve his aim torevert the current trends in moral philosophy which has marked morality with individual partialities. The morality of self/will has pervaded in the society with substantial philosophical argumentation as well. This research intends to study Dionysian morality in comparison with modern (Appolonian) principles of morality as presented by Coetzee. The research is planned to differentiate the two by presenting their roots with logical reasons; Nietzsche's conception of morality and the need of Freudian repression. In the context of Disgrace Coetzee developed his moral theory through circumstantial justice with such a force that all reasons given by Overman (Übermensch) of Nietzsche fail. The paper will unveil the relationship of power and the need for justice. Coetzee proves the importance of Freudian Repression Theory that makes everybody responsible for the concord in a society. The cultivation of Dionysian concept of life only brings disgrace to man, and such philosophies can only be supported when the individual is in power, vulnerability in the society makes man to understand the value of morality and exercise of proper judicial system. South Africal context of the novel situates the anticipation of Dionysian cult in more understanding way to the audience. To avoid social Darwinism, state institutions should come in action in order to ensure the equal power distribution among the masses. Uneven distribution of power creates only oppressors and victims in the society, which further lead society to chaos. Coetzee proves the importance of circumstantial justice over the institutional justice, as institutional justice can punish only but the transformation of transgressor only takes place with circumstantial justice and for the betterment of society, transformation provides better results than punishment because institutions do create a different power structures that also work to suppress people.
The efficacy of Bt toxins is diminishing because insects are becoming resistant to Bt δ-endotoxins. Second generation Bt vegetative insecticidal proteins (VIPs) could be a possible alternate of Bt crystal proteins. It has been demonstrated that Vip3Aa do not share any sequence similarity with any known Cry proteins and bind with different receptors sites in insect midgut. Plant lectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins that specifically recognize glycan structures in brush border membrane vesicle receptors present on gut epithelial cells of insects. In this study, codon optimized synthetic Bt Vip3Aa gene (2370 bp) driven by constitutive CaMV35S promoter and Allium sativum leaf agglutinin (ASAL) gene (339 bp) under phloem-specific RTBV promoter in a single 4870 bp (Vip3Aa+ASAL) cassette cloned in plant expression vector pCAMBIA 1301 under XhoI and HindIII were transformed in a local cotton variety (CEMB-33). For this purpose, the recombinant pCAMBIA_Vip3Aa+ASAL plasmid was electroporated in Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA 4404 and subjected to inoculation with injured cotton embryos for introduction of desired genes through Agrobacterium to develop high resistance against major chewing and sucking insects. The putative transgenic cotton plants were confirmed through PCR by using gene-specific primers. The amplification of 587 bp fragment of ASAL gene and 682 bp fragment of Vip3Aa confirmed the successful introduction of desired genes in cotton. Total eighteen plants were found positive out of total fifty-three plants that were shifted in the field. The transformation efficiency was found to be 1.17%. The transgenic plants were also screened through Vip3Aa specific dipsticks and expression of GUS marker gene. The mRNA expression of both the genes was studied in five T1 transgenic cotton lines through quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The comparative analysis of Ct values obtained by qRT-PCR analysis revealed that the mRNA expression of Vip3Aa gene varied from 2-8.7 folds in the lines L3P2 and L6P3 respectively. Similarly, the comparison of Ct values showed that the mRNA expression of ASAL gene ranged between 2-5 folds in transgenic lines L4P4 and L34P2. The transgenic line L6P3 showed significantly higher expression for both the genes. The expression of Vip3Aa protein in T0 and T1 generations was quantified through ELISA. The maximum protein concentration in both generations was seen in L6P3. The transgene location and copy number in the cotton genome were determined through Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in T2 generation. The transgenic cotton plant from transgenic line L3P2 showed homozygosity (two copy numbers) on chromosome number 9 at late telophase stage and one copy number at chromosome number 10 at prophase stage. Different morphological and physiological parameters of transgenic cotton lines in T1 progeny were studied in comparison to non-transgenic cotton plants. Statistically significant variation was observed in transgenic cotton lines for all the studied morphological characteristics, whereas, no significant differences were observed for physiological parameters. Similarly, the scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images of transgenic and non-transgenic cotton plants showed no visible difference in fiber morphology between transgenic and non-transgenic cotton plants which depicts no positive or negative correlation between expression of insecticidal genes and cotton fiber quality. The final objective of the current project was to evaluate transgenes efficacy against cotton bollworm (H. armigera) and whitefly (Bamisia tabaci). The results showed that all the transgenic cotton lines were significantly resistant to H. armigera as compared to non-transgenic control showing mortality rates between 78%-100%. Similarly, the transgenic cotton lines L3P2, L5P3, L6P3B and L6P3C showed 95%; 89%, 89%, and 72% mortality rates respectively in the whitefly bioassay. This study was unique in a sense that a combination of Bt and plant lectin genes was used to control major chewing and sucking insects to delay resistance buildup and stable insect control management.