عِبَادَتْ اور اسْتِعانَتْ سورۃ الفاتحۃ کی روشنی میں

Sūrah al Fātiḥa it is a short Sūrah, yet full of facts and meanings, sweat and heart provoking. This Sūrah is the title of the Qur‘ān and the whole Qur‘ān is its explanation. The fundamental objectives of Qur‘ān, faith and good deeds have been explained in this Sūrah. That is why this Sūrah is also proclaimed as “Umm al Kitāb” and “Umm al Qur‘ān”. Its Scripture is related to worship and help. The worship proceeds to seeking help. The word worship has three meanings: devotion, slavery and submission. Allah Almighty, time and again, ordered towards His submission and worship in the Holy Qur‘ān. It is the esteem of worship on which Allah has honored His Prophet. He is the real Lord and all blessings and powers are for Him. He is Lord of lives and we should have trust in Him and seek help from Him. The separation, individuality and solitude are prohibited in Islam. The verses of Sūrah al Fātiḥa (و ایاک نستعین ایاک نعبد) gives the massage of congregation which is the solution of disturbance and riot. Who so ever wants to go paradise, should have attach to the Ummah.

Synthesis of Polyaniline Composites and Their Applications

Conducting polymers represent an important class of functional organic materials for next-generation electronic and optical devices. Advances in nanotechnology allow for the fabrication of various conducting polymer nanomaterials composites synthesis with the different methods. Conducting polymer nanomaterials composites featuring high surface area, small dimensions, and exhibit unique physical and chemical properties therefore they have been widely used for various purposes such as, they can be used as photocatalyst The present research work is divided in to two parts. First part of thesis deals with the synthesis of three different series of Polyaniline (PANI) composites in which two are Zr-Co-substituted nickel ferrite with formula (NiFe1.2 Zr0.4 Co0.4 O4) and (NiFe Zr0.5 Co0.5 O4), one with MnAl-substituted multiferroics with formula (BiAl0.3Mn0.3Fe0.4O3). The synthesis of composites of Polyaniline (PANI) is carried out with the variation of nanoparticles amount (12.5, 25, 37.5, and 50% w/w). These composites are characterized by different techniques such as Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV/Visible, X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The structure of PANI/nanomatrials composites was confirmed by XRD analysis while surface morphology was investigated by SEM analysis. The FTIR spectroscopy is used to identify their functional groups present in PANI/NPs composites and the shifting of the peaks has been found towards higher wave number side which exhibits the interaction between the polymer and the nanoparticles in synthesized photocatalyst. In UV/ Vis study blue shift has been found which give the information about the interaction between ferric ions of nanomaterial with nitrogen atom of PANI, shortening in the conjugation length, and coordinating complex formation. The XPS analysis has been carried out to determine oxidation states of the elements present in the synthesized composites materials. In the second part these synthesized PANI/NPs are used as photocatatlyst against toxic dyes such as Methylene Blue (MB) and Methyl Orange (MO). These synthetic dyes are most widely used in textile and leather tanning industries. These dyes are highly colored, toxic, and carcinogenic in nature. These effluents released from the textile and leather tanning industries containing 1mg/L of dye are enough to impart color to the water thus making it unpotable for daily use. The technology used to treat dyes is based on physical, chemical, and biological methods. Precipitation, coagulation, filtration, floatation, electrochemical degradation, and advanced oxidation techniques are considered as chemical methods. Adsorption, reverse osmosis, and ultrafiltration are treated as physical methods. Photochemical irradiation of toxic dyes in presence of a photocatalyst is one of the alternative methods developed recently. Theses composites are then used for the photoelectric degradation of methylene blue and methylene orange from aqueous media under UV light. Effect of reaction time, NPs concentration and the kinetics is studied. It has been found that the degradation of methylene blue and methylene orange increase with the increase in nanoparticles concentration in the composite material. This degradation rate has been found to be low for methylene blue which is cationic dye as compare to the methylene orange. The photoelectric degradation for both dyes is also examined under the similar conditions of UV light by pure PANI and nanoparticles. The degradation rate has been found very low because recombination of electron-holes occurs in pure PANI and pure nanomaterial very comfortably as compare to composites in which it is strictly prohibited. The NPs amount present in the composite shows remarkable influence on the degradation efficiency. Through several groups of univariate experiments, the optimum PANI/ NPs composite dosage of the photolysis process is found to be 0.2g at 40ml of 10-5M solution of both dyes. The photolysis process is relatively fast at the initial stage up to 30 minutes and later it become slow, moreover the degradation of both dyes is in accordance with the first-order kinetic equation.