حدیث کے انسائیکلوپیڈیا اور ان کا تعارف

Since the inception of the ancient era, it has been the utmost trial of scholars related to every field of knowledge that they could save the knowledge of various fields. For meeting the purpose of saving, different tasks had been done in different periods, but, the most appreciating one is the preparation of an encyclopedia. In every era, different encyclopedias of different arts have been designed. Although the processes in Islamic studies remained to continue and various encyclopedias in the Islamic studies were prepared in which the encyclopedia of hadith is the most popular. Therefore, the compilation of hadith has begun from the 3rd Islamic century and a large number of muhadiseen have rendered their best services in this field and represented Hadith and books related to all arts, but, along with that a very important task was to assemble all books of Hadith at one place so that no one may get in trouble to find the Hadith, but it was a hard nut to crack that is why Allah has chosen such scholars who have compiled all the Hadith with their untiring efforts out of them the topmost in the list are: Jama-al-Joma, Kanzal-al-Amal, Almusand-al-Jamia, Mosoaa, Jamiat-ul-ahadees-al-zaeefa wal-mozooat, and almudavina-tul-Jamia are included.

Critical Interfacial Characteristics of Epoxy Coating Adhesion on Steel Surfaces

Protective coatings are used for external and internal corrosion protection of gas/oil storage, transmission and distribution. The key factors for corrosion protection are adhesion of the coating to the steel surface, and resistance of the coating to permeation of water, oxygen and/or ions. External three layer polyethylene/hotmelt/Fusion Bonded Epoxy (FBE) coating is being used for corrosion protection of gas/oil pipelines buried under soil. FBE, being in direct contact with steel surface, has immense bearing on corrosion protection and hence service lifetime of the pipeline. The corrosion protection properties of the two FBE materials have been assessed on the basis of inherent chlorine contamination, reaction kinetics, dimensional stability after cure, water absorption etc. Analytical techniques such as Thermal Analysis (TA), surface characterization techniques like Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Time of Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (TOFSIMS) and electrochemical techniques like Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) have proved to be extremely helpful not only for performance evaluation of coating materials but characterization of the coating-substrate interface as well. ToFSIMS has been extremely useful in elucidating the detrimental effect of contamination such as oil, grease, fats etc at the FBE–substrate interface on the coating disbondment. The characterization of the interface has helped to predict service lifetime of a 3 LPE coating. Our analytical results have been validated by field tests. The most important factor influencing the service lifetime of a coating is the steel surface preparation by minimizing residual contamination. Clean interface should contribute towards alleviating the need for Cathodic Protection (CP) application and hence reducing maintenance costs. The ionic chlorine contamination is one of the most important critical interfacial characteristics of epoxy coating adhesion on steel surfaces. Incomplete cross- linking of the resin has turned out to be one of the contributory factors towards coating disbondment on steel pipeline buried under irrigated pathways. The strength of coating adhesion has been found out to be damaged by molecular moisture which diffused from the soil and surrounding atmosphere through the free volume in polyethylene and hotmelt. Quality of wash water for steel substrate turned out to be one of the characteristics for better performance of epoxy coatings on steel substrates. Furthermore the results confirmed that special attention must be accorded to periodic removal of settled water from fuel storage tanks at regular intervals.