Wheat straw is a non-wood agricultural residue which serves as an excellent fibrous source for pulp and paper industry. In the present work, TCF bleaching sequences were developed for indigenous variety of AS/AQ wheat straw pulp. Different chemicals such as acid, oxygen, oxone, dithionite, alkali and hydrogen peroxide were optimized in different stages and sequences at varying doses of bleaching agents and reaction conditions. Multistage TCF bleach sequences i.e., AOOxPP*, AOOxEP, AOOxYP, AO′Ox′P′ are resulted from various optimization trials during the study. It was very promising to find out that cellulose remained protected whereas most of the residual lignin was removed during the process. Most of the hemicelluloses were washed away during bleaching. However, it is quite evident from the pulps’ sugar analysis that only a small fraction of hemicelluloses remained intact in the bleached pulp which is important in fiber preparation and its bonding during papermaking process. Similarly, hexenuronic acid was also removed during successive stages of bleaching that may be the causes of reduction in fiber strength, brightness and brightness stability. The results also revealed that the developed bleaching sequences are effective and selective to fully bleach the pulp with brightness gain greater than 80% ISO without deteriorating its fibre characteristics such as kappa number, viscosity, strength and brightness stability etc. A considerable reduction in effluent load with reduced toxicity and zero AOX level shows the advantage of process over chlorinated bleaching processes. Thus the study provides enough evidence to fill the gap between producing quality products and requirements for a healthy environment using TCF bleaching sequences.
ڈاکٹر راج بہادر گوڑاس افسوس گذشتہ دنوں اردو کے شیدائی ڈاکٹر راج بہادر گوڑ اس دنیا سے رخصت ہوگئے، سرزمین اردو حیدرآباد میں پیدا ہوئے، ساری عمر اپنے نظریات کی اشاعت کے لیے جدوجہد کرتے رہے لیکن اردو سے بچپن سے جو رشتہ قائم ہوا تادم آخر اس کی حفاظت کرتے رہے، دارالمصنفین سے محبت رکھتے تھے، کئی بار یہاں آئے اور خوش ہوکر گئے، ان کی شائستہ شخصیت مشرقی قدروں کا دلکش نمونہ تھی، افسوس ایسے لوگ کم ہوتے جاتے ہیں، افسوس اس کا بھی ہے کہ ہم نے اپنا غم اور اردو کے نقصان کا اظہار تاخیر سے کیا۔ ( عمیر الصدیق دریابادی ندوی ، جنوری ۲۰۱۲ء )
The Prophet (P.B.U.H), born in 571 A.D at Makkah, came to enlighten this world with divine guidance and to transform this world from the clutches of immoralities and sins to pinnacle of piety and ethics. He lived in this world for almost 63 years and brought revolutionary changes which no one even could think of. But this task was not easy, he suffered the most and sacrificed everything to raise and proclaim the words of Allah. He set an example for others to follow. This article is all about his life in Madinah with regard to his dealing with the arch enemies of Islam who were his own natives “The Makkans”. Prophet (P.B.U.H) settled in Madinah and established Islamic society so as to enable everyone to spend life in accordance with the divine guidance. Here, he signed treaty with the Jews created Muakhaat for Mohajirin and Ansars. On the other hand, Makkans could not stand this development. So, they imposed battles on Muslims and Muslims had no options except Jihad. The Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) fought many battles with Makkans. However, no innocent was executed during these incidences. This shows the dynamic teachings of Islam. This article gives brief events of these battles besides revelations which came to Prophet in the line of duty to motivate and guide Muslims. It took almost eight years for Prophet to excel Makkans.
The general misconception about women politicians is that they were just silent spectators and very few women participated in the parliament, raising voice on women issues only. Those women who became members of the National Assembly on reserved seats were mere rubber stamps in the hands of their male counterparts, having neither knowledge nor experience to make any qualitative contribution. In addition, the books related to political history of the country also never ever mentioned the role of women parliamentarians in the politics of Pakistan. There is a plethora of material related to women parliamentarians’ contribution in Pakistani politics in the libraries of the parliament of Pakistan in the form of Official Reports of National Assembly and Senate Debates which is necessitated to be explored. The present study has been done to explore and bring to the knowledge of one and all, the performance of the women parliamentarians in Pakistani politics particularly from 1970 to 1988 along with the background which delves into the political contribution of women during the freedom movement, Pakistan movement and their role in the politics of Pakistan till 1970. This study explores how women have been performing an indispensable role more than proportionate to their numbers in the national legislature of Pakistan on both general and reserved seats since 1947, particularly during 1970-1988. They had taken up a broad spectrum of issues and demonstrated their awareness of matters in discussion and debates. The performance of some women parliamentarians was beyond comparison. It is because of their countless efforts and struggle that the Pakistani women got jobs in almost all the spheres of life and more space in the parliament of Pakistan.