Many pesticides are carcinogenic chemical substances those have proved to be lethal for human. Therefore, the application of these chemicals should be controlled and claimed percentage of active content in pesticide formulations available in market should be maintained. In order to investigate presence of correct claimed percentage in all formulations, accurate, reliable and low cost methods are significantly required. Considering the importance of these methods, a research work was proposed to develop analytical method for simultaneous quantitative determination of active content in pesticide formulations. For all the studies, HPLC1-UV and HPLC2-UV were used. Seven methods were developed and validated by following ICH guidelines. In which dimethomorph and chlorothalonil; azoxystrobin, fludioxonil and metalaxyl-M; mesotrione, atrazine, benoxacor and s-metolachlor; bromoxynil heptanoate, bromoxynil octanoate and MCPA; clopyralid, tribenuron and fluroxypyr; imidacloprid; and fipronil, chlorfenapyr and pyriproxyfen as method 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 respectively were subjected to develop the simultaneous determination of mentioned pesticides. For optimization of each method, mobile phase, flow rate, stationary phase and wavelength were suitably selected. For all the methods except method 1, flow rate was 1.0 mL/min. For method 1: selected flow rate was 1.2 mL/min. For method 2 and 5: stationary phase was RP–18 end capped (5 μm, 4.6 mm x 25 cm) while, for rest of all methods, selected stationary phase was Beckman C-18 (5 μm, 4.6 mm x 15 cm). For all these methods, a mixture of acetonitrile and water was used as mobile phase. These mobile phase solvents were pumped on binary gradient mode with different ratio for different methods. The mobile phase composition (acetonitrile : water) for methods 1 and 7 was 80 : 20, for method 2; 50 : 50, for methods 3 and 6; 70 : 30 and for methods 4 and 5 was 85 :15. At the last, wavelengths were selected for each method for optimum chromatographic response of analytes. For which detection wavelength 230 nm, 220 nm, 212 nm and 270 nm; were selected for methods 1, 2, 5, 6, respectively and 260 nm for methods 3, 4 and 7. Finally, validation of all the developed methods was initiated following ICH guidelines implementing several parameters such as: system suitability test, linearity, LOD, LOQ, precision, accuracy and robustness. The system suitability test for all the developed methods were reported by investigating I asymmetry, capacity factor, and number of theoretical plates of all analytes for each method. Linearity of each developed method was determined by plotting calibration curve between chromatographic response and concentration of analyte. The correlation coefficient was found to be greater than 0.996 for all newly developed methods. LOD & LOQ were investigated based on standard deviation of chromatographic response and their respective slope from calibration curve data. For the validation of precision of methods, interday and intraday analysis of formulation were performed. The percent RSD were less than 2.0 for intraday analysis and less than 3.0 for interday analysis for all the methods. Accuracy for all the newly developed methods was checked by inter laboratory comparison (ILC) test among different laboratories. The Z-score values were calculated for each method in order to report the performance of all laboratories. The z-score values of all developed methods were exceptionally well in comparison with other participated laboratories. Robustness of the all methods were checked by making some deliberate changes in flow rate, mobile phase composition and wavelength for each newly developed method. No considerable change in response of analytes was observed upon above mentioned changes. This proved the robustness of all newly developed methods. Consequently, all the proposed methods can suitably be used for simultaneous quantitative determination of all studied pesticides in formulations for investigating active contents
The Divine Promise to the human species at the time of its exit from the heavens – Q.02:38- 39 – was held through ages of human history. It started with Adam, continued through Enoch, Noah, Abraham, Isaac, Moses, Jesus and culminated with Muhammad. May Allah’s peace and blessings be upon them.
The foundations of Faith are, prima facie, based on the Absolute Supremacy of One Divine Being. The teachings of all Scriptures came from the same Divine Source with the purpose of providing guidance for a life of righteousness within societies along a Straight and Optimal Path – Qur’an 06:126, 07:16; and The Torah/Proverbs 4:23-27.
The Qur’an is the grand finale of all Divine Revelations and the Ultimate Truth. Allah, The Exalted and The Almighty, guaranteed to preserve its Sacred Arabic Text in its entirety and original form safe from any satanic change – Q.15:09.
Enriched with themes, history, law, images, symbols, language, recitation and a unique literary style – it is a master piece of a revelation that has been bestowed on humanity as a matchless text signifying the very name it carries – Al Kitab – The Book.
As The Qur’an was being revealed on to the last of the Prophets - Prophet Muhammad, in the Arabic language, he would dictate it to his appointed companions to serve as scribes over the 23- year period of its phased-revelation.
The Qur’an contains the narratives of past nations and the events of future generations to facilitate comprehension of the meaning and value of the Qur’anic Message. It also sets out examples and analogies for people so that they may reflect and take heed - Q.39:27. Its message transcends...
Terrorism is contentious issue. It has affected the lives of people across the country. This paper analyses the factors for incidence of terrorism in Karachi city which has great economic importance for country. The city represents all communities belonging to various parts of the country. Migration of people from other provinces has significally changed demographic profile of the city. This study presents statistics about various offences committed in Hyderabad and Karachi. It describes important facts about the militant groups involved in the acts of terrorism in Karachi. It has been argued in the study that in some cases the acts of violence were politically motivated and in other cases terrorism acts were sponsored by religious groups. In order to understand the complex phenomenon of terrorism in Karachi, this study investigates the root causes of terrorism including economic deprivation. In most cases marginal sections of society have been found involved in the acts of terrorism. Thus, this study creates need for social reforms, poverty alleviation and provision of quality education. Further capacity-building of Law Enforcement Agencies to cope with this situation has been emphasized in this study. This paper also recommends some proposals for dealing with the issue of terrorism.
Title: “A survey to find out competencies for teaching biology at secondary level in Punjab” Pages: 165 Researcher: Zakia Khatoon Supervisor: Dr. Muhammad Tayyab Alam Bukhari Co-supervisor: Dr. Muhammad Maqsood Alam Bukhari University: Foundation University College of Liberal Arts and Sciences(Islamabad) Year: 2012 Level: PhD. Biology teachers occupy an important position in the entire spectrum of education.We can equip our future generation with the latest techniques of problem solving, by investigating biology teachers’ competencies in the teaching of biology at secondary school level. It is at secondary school level, that students shift their reading abilities of narrative texts, to complex expository material. This study was based on biology teachers’ competencies in preparing biology students to enable them to face challenges of the 21st century. This study was aimed to investigate the required teaching competencies for biology teachers. This study also aimed to find out the existing level of teaching competencies ofbiology teachers through teachers’ perception. The objectives of the study were to determine gaps between existing and required competencies of biology teachers, and recommend remedial steps to fill these gaps. Population of this study comprised of all the teachers teaching biology in F.G. Secondary Schools in Punjab. The sample of the study consisted of all science teachers teaching biology, in fifty percent randomly selected F.G. Secondary Schools in Punjab. Stratified sampling technique was used for sample selection. A questionnaire for biology teachers was prepared. To ensure the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach’s alpha was used. The instrument was also revised in the light of feedback received from pilot testing. Data was collected through the questionnaire by personal visits and personal contacts. Data collected through questionnaires were analyzed with the help of mean, percentage, and chi-square. Major findings of the study indicated that most of the teachers were well qualified academically and professionally. They were aware of specific teaching skills and innovative student-centered teaching methodology, and its importance for producing creative thinking and problem solving abilities in students, but they were not implementing these teaching skills and methodologies in the classroom. Majority of the teachers were not fully aware how to use Computer and Internet. They were not competent in using problem solving method, and innovative teaching methods in the classroom. Major implications of the study were to prepare competentbiology teachers by enhancing their specific teaching skills, for producing creative thinking and problem solving abilities in science students and to prepare the coming generation to meet the challenges of the future.