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Development of Food Grade Colloidal System for Delivery of Vitamin a and D

Thesis Info

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Author

Mehmood, Tahir

Program

PhD

Institute

Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University

City

Rawalpindi

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2018

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Food Science & Technology

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/10186/1/Tahir%20Mehmood_Food%20Tech_2018_PMAS_PRR.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676725873762

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Nutritional deficiency of vitamin A and D is causing a lot of problems in the world. It is estimated that about one billion people worldwide are either vitamin D deficient or have insufficient vitamin D intake. In Pakistan about 85% of both pregnant and non-pregnant mothers have been found vitamin D deficient. Apart from this, 5.7 million children below 5 years of age and 42.5 % women were identified as vitamin A deficient in Pakistan. Being food fortification or supplementation a best approach, the food manufacturers are interested in fortifying their products with vitamin A and D. As both vitamins are restricted to fats and oils due to their non-solubility in water. Nanoemulsions are ideal solution to address this problem because this technique enhances the solubility, kinetic stability, bio efficacy and bioavailability of encapsulated material due to their smaller size. The purpose of present study was to fortify beverages with nanoemulsions of vitamin A and D. The nanoemulsions were prepared by using food grade surfactants (Tween 80 and soya lecithin), deionized water and vegetable oil (olive and canola oil). Preparation conditions for beta carotene and vitamin D nanoemulsions were optimized using response surface methodology. These nanoemulsions were further characterized against different physico-chemical parameters. In vivo study was carried out on animal model to investigate the safety of nanoemulsions. The nanoemulsions based delivery system was used to fortify the beverages with these vitamins. The results manifested that, ideal optimum preparation conditions for beta carotene nanoemulsions were 6.07% surfactant, 4.19 minutes homogenization time and 6.50% oil contents. For vitamin D nanoemulsions, optimum preparation conditions were 4.82 minutes xxii xxii homogenization time, 0.67 surfactant to oil ratio (S/O) and 7% disperse phase volume. During two months of storage studies, these nanoemulsions remained stable against phase separation and creaming. Moreover, droplet size of nanoemulsions stored at 4 °C slowly increased as compared to nanoemulsions stored at 25 °C. Additionally, p-Anisidine value of the vegetable oil (canola and olive oil) incorporated into nanoemulsions were significantly lower as compared to free vegetable oil. These nanoemulsions were stable against droplet aggregation and phase separation over a wide range of pH (2-8), salt concentration (50-400 mM) and temperature (30-80°C). During toxicity study, bi-nuclear assay, multinuclear assay and comet assay did not showed any toxic effect of nanoemulsions on animal models. During last part of study, vitamin beta carotene and vitamin D fortified model beverages was developed successfully. Hence, nanoemulsions based delivery system can be used for fortification of aqueous products with fat soluble vitamins and other nutraceutical compounds.
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حضورؐ آپ نے ریگِ تپاں کو لعل کیا


ؑحضورؐ! آپؐ نے ریگِ تپاں کو لعل کیا
جہانِ دشتِ کو یوں شہرِ بے مثال کیا

رفیقِ خاص کو صدیقؓ کا لقب بخشا
وہ ترجمان تھے ماضی کے ، شانِ حال کیا

جسے تھی اونٹ چرانے میں دقّتیں بے حد
دعا کے ساتھ اُسے صاحبِ کمال کیا

غنیؓ کی دولتِ دنیا کو حسنِ دیں بخشا
حیا کے پیکرِ احسن کو خوش خصال کیا

لعابِ پاک کا فیضانِ خاص تھا جس نے
علیؑ کو شوکتِ خیبر سے مالامال کیا

مقامِ احسنِ تقویم پایا ، اسفل نے
جہاں میں منصبِ انسانیت بحال کیا

تمام روئے زمیں سجدہ گاہ کر ڈالی
خدا نے اُمتِ محبوبؐ کا خیال کیا

رہِ حیات میں جب بھی چلے ہیں تیرِ الم
تو یادِ مونسِ جاںؐ کو غموں میں ڈھال کیا

یہ نعتِ پاک کا عرفانؔ! فیض ہے جس نے
ہر ایک حرفِ سخن تیرا لازوال کیا

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Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Quinolines and Oxepines

In the present workpyrimido[5,4-c]quinoline-2,4(1H,3H)-diones (5-24) were synthesized by two step reaction sequence involving Knoevenagel condensation and Doebner Miller reaction. Compounds (5-24) were availed by fusion of Knoevenagel adducts (5benzylidenepyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione and 5-(3-nitrobenzylidene)pyrimidine2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione) (3a-b) with anilines viz.sulfanilamide, 4-amino-N-(thiazol-2yl)benzenesulfonamide, sulfamethazine, sulfaguanidine, sulfamethoxazole, paminobenzoic acid, p-nitroaniline, 3-nitroaniline, 3-hydroxyaniline, p-phenylaniline, 5amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid, 3-aminoacetophenone, 4-amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid, 4aminoacetophenone and 4-chloroaniline (4a-o) in an oil bath at 170-265 oCafforded desired compounds in moderate to good yields (55-74%). All the compounds were tediously characterized. The prepared compounds (5-19) were tested for their in vitro antioxidant activity and at all instances they exhibited excellent activity in comparison to control Ascorbic acid. Compounds (20-24) were selectively screened for in vitro antibacterial and antiviral activities as these compounds has active pharmacophores in the structure. The most active compounds were 23, 21 and 22 having MIC 0.5, 1.25 and 1.75 µg respectively against P. vulgaris where ampicillin (MIC 2.25 µg) was employed as positive control. In case K. pneumonia compound 24 was found most active (MIC 0.1 µg) in comparison to control ampicillin (MIC 1.25 µg). In case of antiviral activity of the synthesized compounds (2024), compound (23) has expressed maximum in ovo antiviral potency against all four viruses (AIVH9N2, NDV, IBDV and IBV) with IC50 (0.001 µM). In case of synthesis of oxepines (38, 38´, 43 and 43´), a multi-step strategy (9 steps) is developed starting from 1-indanone anf finally the more polar compound 38 was dyrolysed to compound (40) to avail above mentioned compounds in respectable overall yield (0.39%).