Post-Independence Colonial Impacts on the Political Development of Pakistan: The Bureaucracy

The ethos of every postcolonial country was shaped by the way in which it secured its independence, therefore in analyzing the political development of Pakistan from its creation one must consider the related development of India prior to Partition, exploring the nature of colonial rule and it’s far reaching impacts on the political development of Pakistan after independence. While India has seen innumerable kingdoms rise and fall and many waves of invasions, the British encroachment in India from the 18th century onwards, particularly the direct incorporation of India as the jewel of the British Empire in 1857, was unique in that it wrenched the locus of political and economic control away from the Subcontinent to Europe. However, many British residents in India ‘went native’, by adopting local religion and culture. The British loved India, whether residents such as Rudyard Kipling or the ruling elite in Britain (e.g. Queen Victoria had Indian servants and companions). The British cultivated an elite group of administrators from the powerful indigenous landowners and middle-class professionals (the latter of whom were mainly from Hindu castes), which helped the British to consolidate their vested interests to strengthen their rule in India. The amalgamated British army consisted of Indian and British soldiers under the command of British officers. This paper discusses in detail the impacts of British colonial rule in the Subcontinent with special reference to post-independence Pakistan drawing on archival records and other written materials on the subject.

Diffraction of Electromagnetic Plane Waves from Strips and Slits Using the Method of Kobayashi Potential

Kobayashi potential method has successfully been applied to potential as well as scattering geometries containing perfect electrically conducting (PEC) objects by many investigators. The purpose of present study is to extend Kobayashi potential method to study the scattering from non-PEC objects hence, to enhance the applicability of the method. First, geometries containing strip are considered and diffracted fields have been determined from an impedance strip, from a strip placed at dielectric slab and from a perfectly electromagnetic conducting (PEMC) strip. Then slit geometries are included. And studies are conducted to analyze the diffraction from an impedance slit placed at the interface of two different media, from two parallel slits in an impedance plane and from a slit in PEMC plane. While applying this method to above type of problems, diffracted fields are considered in terms of unknown weighting functions. Imposition of boundary conditions give dual integral equations. These dual integral equations are then used to decide the nature of weighting functions by using the discontinuous properties of Weber-Schafheitlin’s integral. Edge conditions are also taken into account at this moment. Finally, matrix equations are obtained to evaluate the expansion coefficients. The elements of these matrix equations are the infinite integrals and are usually, very complex in nature and hard to solve analytically. So these integrals and the matrix equations are then solved numerically for unknown expansion coefficients. Diffracted fields are presented for each geometry. Their dependence on different parameters like angle of incidence, slit/ strip size, impedance of plane, relative permittivity of the surrounding media has been discussed and analyzed. Comparison with physical optics is also presented in some problems to validate the presented results.