انمول قائد
بس تو کتنا انمول ہے ……بھٹو صاحب نے ڈی ایس پی راولپنڈی کی طرف دیکھا اور پوچھا ’’میرا نا م کیا ہے ‘‘ڈی سی نے جواب دیا ’’سر آپ ذوالفقار علی بھٹو ہیں ‘‘اور بھٹو صاحب نے پوچھا میرے والد کا کیا نام تھا ۔ڈی سی نے جواب دیا ’’سر ان کا نام سر شاہ نواز بھٹو تھا ‘‘اور بھٹو نے کہا قابض جنرل کا کیا نام ہے ۔ڈی ایس پی نے جواب دیا ’’جنرل ضیاء الحق ‘‘بھٹو صاحب بولے ’’تو اب اس قابض جنرل کے والدکا نام بتا ئو ‘‘ڈی ایس پی نے ادب سے عرض کیا ’’سر میں نہیں جانتا ‘‘بھٹو صاحب بولے ’’اور تم یہ چاہتے ہو کہ سر شاہ نواز بھٹو کا بیٹا ذوالفقار علی بھٹو کسی نامعلوم مولوی حق کے قابض بیٹے جنرل ضیاء الحق سے بھیک مانگے ۔
سلیوٹ فار فائونڈر آف اٹامک پاکستان
سیلوٹ فار فائونڈر آف مسلم نیشنز یونیٹی
سیلوٹ فار فائونڈر آف اسلامک ورلڈ بنک
سیلوٹ فار بھٹو
Vivekananda was the Hindu revivalist of nineteenth century who preached the message of equality of all religions. In his lectures, he guided people to assimilation of religions and not their destruction. He emphasized on peace and harmony of religions that could only be attained through tolerance. This paper explores his claim of equality of religions from his writings regarding two religions - Christianity and Islam. Critical approach is utilized to identify the fact that either he is equating all religions or he is trying to submerge the non-Hindu religions in his philosophy of neo-Vedanta. Apparently, the tension between these two positions makes his theory of pluralism suspicious. In other words, his popular image of being a pioneer of religious pluralism needs to be reassesses by studying his writings and presentation of the beliefs, rituals, and practices of other religions, as well as, his practical interactions with the followers of different religions during his life. In this connection, it is important to explore how he perceives and depicts the personalities of Jesus Christ and Muhammad.
Two species of mongooses; small Indian mongoose (Herpestes javanicus) and the grey mongoose (H. edwardsii) occur in many parts of Pakistan including the Pothwar Plateau. They are diurnal, terrestrial carnivores playing their ecological role in controlling populations of snakes, rodents and insects. The current study investigated their distribution, vegetation analysis of their habitat, population, and diet composition in the Pothwar Plateau. Distribution of the two mongoose species was recorded through reconnaissance surveys of the study area, vegetation analysis was carried out by quantifying trees (Point-Centered-Quarter method), shrubs and herbs (by Quadrate method). The populations of the two species were estimated by direct enumeration by minimum numbers alive (MNA) index using capture, mark, and recapture data and indirect enumeration, using active burrows (AB) count method. Diet composition of the two species was investigated by their scat analysis. The small Indian mongoose was found distributed in the vicinity of human dwellings, whereas, the grey mongoose was widely distributed in natural areas with low human activity, however, both species were found occupying the cultivated areas. Their distribution was found restricted below 850 m asl in the study area. Vegetation analysis of the habitat of two mongoose species showed Zizyphus mauritiana with high importance value index (IVI = 101.21) and Acacia nilotica (IVI = 95.13) as major tree species, Zizyphus nummularia (IVI = 90.29) as major shrub and 24 Cynodon dactylon (IVI = 20.70), Peganum harmala (IVI = 19.37) and Carthamus oxycantha (IVI = 18.24) as major herb species. burrows activity of both mongoose species was found highly associated with the Zizyphus mauritiana (50% and 46%, respectively). Average population density of small Indian mongoose was 7.91 ± 0.41 per km2 (by MNA) and 12.49 ± 0.4 per km2 (by AB method), whereas, that of grey mongoose was 7.17 ± 0.52 per km2 (by MNA) and 11.70 ± 0.33 per km2 (by AB method). Live trapped mongooses showed a sex ratio (M : F) of 0.73 (small Indian mongoose) and 0.78 (grey mongoose), indicating more female-biased population in the study area. Burrows depth and diameter as well as body measurements (body weight, body length and tail length) of the grey mongoose (n=72) were greater than those of the small Indian mongoose (n=72). Analysis of scat samples of the two mongoose species revealed hairs, feathers, insect body remains and plant matter and seeds along with some unidentified material. Identification of rodent prey species from recovered hairs showed that small Indian mongoose preys upon three different rodent species while the grey mongoose consumes five different rodent species in the study area. Insects consumed by both mongoose species belong to five different orders. Food niche breadth of the two species varied among different seasons of the year. Food niche overlap between the two species was found to be 0.95. The study concludes that the two sympatric mongoose species vary in their abundance along a gradient of human activity. Ecologically and morphologically, similar species (small Indian mongoose and grey mongoose) living in sympatry in the Pothwar Plateau partition their resources, though resources themselves may vary in time and space and in relation to extrinsic factors.