Application of DNA testing has been developed into a requisite and regular component of recent forensic casework, based on highly sensitive and stable PCR techniques for the analysis of different types of biological specimens. On account of achievements accomplished in past three decades, forensic DNA analysis has become a key to convict and exonerate the suspects and to identify the victims of criminal cases, accidents and mass disasters. However there has been observed some existing imperfections and limitations in the use of conventional STR system as in conditions of highly degraded DNA, Y-amelogenin mutation, allele sharing among unrelated male individuals and complex mixtures. In the current study, development, optimization and validation of 18 loci multiplex system was accomplished comprising on 10 autosomal miniSTRs, SE33, Penta E, Penta D and four Y chromosomal STRs (DYS385a/b, DYS438 and DYS392) along with gender detection marker amelogenin into a single PCR reaction simultaneously. Amongst miniSTRs CSF1PO, D7S820, TPOX, D18S51, D13S317, FGA, D5S818, D21S11 and D16S539 have been preferred from US core loci of Combined DNA Index System (CODIS), D2S1338 selected from UK core loci (UCL) while SE33 is the part of German Core Loci database with additional two penta-nucleotide repeat markers (Penta-E and Penta-D) and Y-STRs as typically used in commercially available kits. The primer sequences were designed and synthesized in order that the final length of fragment obtained in the range of 61 bp (base pairs) to 469 bp by using 5-flourscent dyes detection system. The optimal concentration of primers was obtained in the range of 0.09-2.25 μM to get the successful amplification at each locus in a multiplex reaction. Moreover the multiplex system was validated by following SWGDAM (Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods) guidelines concerning stability, sensitivity, species specificity, accuracy and precision, DNA mixtures, population distribution genetics, forensic and paternity statistical parameters, low copy number of DNA and studies based on PCR amplification (annealing temperature, PCR conditions and PCR components). The complete DNA profile was obtained at the concentration of DNA as low as 0.125ng with 30 PCR cycles in a reduced cycling time of about one hour followed by 74% and 41% profiling results at 0.062ng and 0.031ng respectively which demonstrates the fastest detection of the system. All loci were amplified successfully except one locus using 1ng degraded DNA of up to 2 minutes treatment with Dnase-1 enzyme and 01 ng nondegraded DNA when mixed with 100ng of humic acid while amplification of 10 loci was obtained even at duration of 80 minutes enzymatic treatment. In the DNA mixtures of two and more than two contributors, the minor component obtained in the ratios of 10:1, 1:10, 10:1:1, 1:10:10, 1:10:1 and 1:1:10 was productively interpretable at threshold level of 50 RFU (relative fluorescence unit) which shows that this system is helpful in complex mixtures analysis. Population distribution studies were conducted in random individuals of major groups from two provinces of Pakistan with 337 blood samples of Punjabis and 200 blood samples of Pashtuns. A sum of 216 and 202 polymorphic alleles was observed for 17 loci among Punjabi and Pashtuns samples respectively. The SE33 was found to be the highest polymorphic and discriminatory locus among all the loci which studied in Pakistani populations. At significant probability level of p<0.003 after Bonferroni correction, no significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were observed in Punjabi population while two loci (CSF1PO and TPOX) showed significant deviations in Pashtuns. The combined match probability using all 17 loci achieved up to 9.2 x 10-20 and 1.09 x 10-18 in Punjabi and Pashtun samples respectively. The probability of identity by using the product rule having the same DNA profile is 1 in quadrillions as selected randomly from the Punjabi population and 1 in quintillions for the Pashtun Population. On the basis of results obtained from validation studies along with forensic competency and parentage statistical parameters, it is demonstrated that this system will be robust and reliable to meet the existing challenges of forensic and parentage DNA analysis.
جنہاں شاعراں نے پنجابی شاعری نوں اپنے اظہار دا وسیلہ قرار دتا۔ اوہناں دی ابتدا پاک پتن والے بابا فرید گنج شکر نے کیتی تے پھیر اوہناں دی دسی ہوئی راہ تے بہت سارے چل پئے جہناں وچوں اک ناں سلطان باہو دا وی اے۔
سلطان باہو دے ابیات ول نظر مارنے آن تے ایہناں دی مٹھی تے من کچھویں زبان دے نال نال ایہناں دی سرمدی کیفیت پڑھن والے نوں اک انوکھی جیہی روحانی کیفیت توں دوچار کردی وکھالی دیندی اے۔ ایس دی وجہ جانن لئی ساہنوں سلطان باہو دی حیاتی اتے اک اجمالی جیہی نظر پانی پوے گی۔
سلطان باہو شور کوٹ ضلع شورکوٹ جھنگ دے اک پنڈ ’’اعوان ۱۰۳۹ ہجری مطابق ۱۶۲۸ء نوں پیدا ہوئے تے ۱۱۰۶ ہجری نوں ۶۳ ورہیاں دی عمر وچ وصال فرمایا آپ دے والد حضرت بازید بڑے متقی، عالم تے حافظ قرآن ہون دے نال نال مغل فوج دے چنگے عہدے دار سن۔ آکھیا جاندا اے کہ اوہناں دی بہادری پاروں شاہ جہان نے شورکوٹ ضلع جھنگ دے نیڑے اک پنڈ ’’قہرگان‘‘ وچ کوئی ۵۰ ہزار وگھے زمین...
Sharia Economics of Southeast Asian countries has been existing, with a close relationship with their society, since the early arrival of Islam and its spreading in this archipelago through the period of the Islamic Kingdoms up till today. The unity of this Islamic economy with its society because the society has made their identity as Islam so that their habits, customs, economic system, and Worldview are identical to Islam. However, the implementation of the Islamic economic system and its financial activities were interrupted by the existing of colonialism. After their independence from colonization, the country such as Malaysia, Indonesia, and Brunei Darussalam initiated to raise awareness and conducted studies on the Islamic economic system. Even the government has a commitment to achieve the World's prominent center of Islamic economy. This year's report by The State of global Islamic economists reveal that ASEAN countries have succeeded in positioning their countries as a largest of sharia financial center in the world.
Education For All's (EFA) vision is to enroll and retain all girls and boys in schools. It is also about ensuring that girls and boys of all age develop their full potential through quality education. However, during the last two decades, despite the enormous work done by the government and donor agencies in Pakistan, a large number of students, especially girls, are still out of school. Gender disparities exist in access, enrolment, and completion at all levels of education. There are many socio-economic and cultural factors, along with the micro processes of schools and classrooms, behind this issue. The focus of the study was to explore the instructional practices of teachers in relation to their expectations of girls and boys students. This study was conducted through a qualitative case study, which was explorative in nature. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews, classroom observations, pre- and post-observation discussions and analysis of instructional materials (text, illustrations and displays) using gender analysis framework. Two major conclusions emerged from the study; it was found that both the teachers had different expectations of girls and boys, those expectations were rooted in their own personal experiences. Moreover, official curriculum (text and illustrations) and the hidden curriculum (pedagogies teacher used) didn't favor girls in the classrooms. Adding to these, teachers did not recognize the subtle messages, which students were getting from the textbooks and their deliveries. Teachers' varied expectations from girls and boys and the socialization of different gender roles and the use of a gender-biased hidden curriculum lead to an inequitable education opportunities for boys and girls in both the classrooms. Findings of the study have serious implications for teachers, teacher educators, and policy makers. Unless teachers are made aware of the gender role socialization and the biased messages which they send to students everyday, and until teachers are provided with the methods and resources necessary for eliminating gender-bias in the classrooms, girls will continue receiving an inequitable education. This will have a serious implication for their access and stay at schools