Production function is the most important medium of applied economic research especially in the field of agricultural economics. Cobb-Douglas frontier production and time series analysis were applied using primary and secondary data, respectively. Technical efficiency of two major crops viz. wheat and rice was also estimated. Depending on the agricultural ecology of Sindh region, selection of three districts of Sindh was made randomly as Badin, Hyderabad and Larkana districts. Further, multi-stage sampling method was employed to collect data from 384 selected farmers, belonging to mentioned regions, through visiting them personally at their fields. Survey results revealed that on an overall basis, cost per acre on production of wheat was about Rs.9, 000/ and the same was distributed under different heads viz. tractor (Rs. 2,117), seed (Rs. 2,045), DAP (Rs. 2,858), Urea (Rs.2, 076), and pesticide (Rs.418). As per the computed values per acre production and income, wheat grains and wheat chaff were found to have the same production value of 33.5 md/acre respectively. However, wheat grains and wheat chaff were having different sale price values as: Rs.921 per md and Rs. 150 per md respectively. On an overall basis, production of one acre was Rs. 35,901. However, a large disparity in production and income was found out for all districts relating with this study. Hyderabad district was found to have highest production and incomes value where an average production was found 51.6 mds/acre. The lowest production was found for district Larkana where an average production was found 24.1 mds/acre. Overall, the benefit cost ratio was found at 2.95. Additionally, Hyderabad district accumulated better benefit-cost ratio, which was 4.06, then Badin which was at 2.11. It was observed that Hyderabad had better technical efficiency in terms of performance of farms. It was found out that 28% farms in Hyderabad showed technical efficiency within 50-60% range. Larkana district showed 2% technical efficiency. However, no farm in Badin showed technical efficiency within the ranges mentioned for Hyderabad and Larkana districts. For rice crop, input costs under different heads were calculated to be Rs. 10,473/acre. Most significant head of cost was recorded for DAP (Rs. 3,124) followed by urea (Rs. 2,667), tractor (Rs. 2,498), seed (Rs. 2,184) and pesticides (Rs. 688). The average yield of rice crop was about 51.6 md/acre and revenue generated was recorded as Rs.31, 320/acre with average price of Rs. 825/ maund. Input-output ratio was 3.78 while benefit-cost ratio was 2.78. Almost the same technical efficiency of Larkna and Badin districts were observed. Estimates for Cobb-Douglas production function for wheat and rice revealed that additional input cost of DAP was non-significant (p>0.05) with additional revenue generated from wheat and rice crops which may be attributed to higher price of DAP since the same does not have parity with prices of crops under study. In fact, DAP increased yield but additional spending of rupee on DAP did not brought significant revenue for wheat and rice farms. While using secondary data of last forty years of wheat and rice area, production and yield through moving average and exponential smoothing trend revealed that area was almost stagnant while production increased due to yield which may be attributed to adoption of technology with special reference of new varieties of wheat and rice.
مولانا انعام الحسن کاندھلوی مرحوم امیرالتبلیغ مولانا انعام الحسن کاندھلوی شنبہ ۱۰؍ جون بروز عاشورہ محرم اپنے مالک حقیقی سے جاملے، اناﷲ وانا الیہ راجعون۔ اس دور قحط الرجال میں ان کی وفات قوم و ملت کا بڑا جانکاہ حادثہ ہے، وہ کاندھلہ ضلع مظفر نگر کی مردم خیز بستی کے صدیقی شیوخ کے اس مشہور خاندان سے تعلق رکھتے تھے جس میں کئی پشتوں سے اہل علم و فضل اور اصحاب رشد و ہدایت پیدا ہوتے رہے ہیں، شاہ عبدالعزیز محدث دہلوی کے نامور و محبوب شاگرد مفتی الہٰی بخش اسی خاندان کے جد امجد تھے، اس خانوادے کے افراد حضرت سید احمد شہیدؒ کی تحریک جہاد و احیائے اسلام میں بھی پیش پیش رہ چکے ہیں، علم و عمل کی اسی جامعیت اور بلند نظر و علوئے ہمت کی خاندانی روایت نے اس خاندان کو مولانا محمد الیاسؒ اور ان کے صاحبزادے مولانا محمد یوسفؒ کے سے داعیان حق بخشے جو اسلام کی تبلیغ و اشاعت، خلوص و ﷲیت اور تقویٰ و بے نفسی میں نمونہ سلف صالحین تھے۔ مولانا انعام الحسن صاحب مرحوم نے مولانا محمد الیاسؒ کے دامن عاطفت میں تربیت پائی، ان کے والد مولوی اکرام الحسن صاحب مرحوم نے جو مولانا الیاسؒ کے حقیقی بھانجے تھے، علی گڑھ مسلم یونیورسٹی سے گریجویشن اور قانون کی سند حاصل کی تھی، وہ ایک کامیاب وکیل تھے، لیکن اس پیشہ کو ترک کر کے انہوں نے مدرسہ مظاہر العلوم کی خدمت کو اپنا مشغلہ بنالیا، مولانا انعام الحسن صاحب ان کے اکلوتے صاحبزادے تھے یہ ۱۹۱۸ء میں پیدا ہوئے اور خاندانی روایت کے مطابق پہلے کمسنی ہی میں قرآن مجید حفظ کیا اور اسی کمسنی میں وہ اپنے والد کے ہمراہ دلی، مولانا الیاسؒ کی خدمت میں آگئے، اپنے مربی سے مشکوٰۃ اور مولانا احتشام الحسن کاندھلوی مولف حالات مشائخ کاندھلہ سے جلالین...
There are a lot of profound effects of attributes of Allah on the human social life. When the person recognizes the attributes of Allah, he starts efforts to adopt those attributes through which he succeeds in his practical life. In fact the knowledge of Allah’s attributes is the base of all kinds of knowledge and beleives. This paper is a study to develop the moral narms, human behavior and impact of attributes of Allah Almighty on the human society in this life and in the life hereinafter, so that it may be practiced to strengthen the moral attitudes and beleieves of the Muslim society as well as the human behavior in their life.
Present study hinges upon a very critical question that is whether approximate number system plays foundational role in symbolic math or not? More specifically in current research it has been tried to explore the causal relationship between non-symbolic and symbolic numerical cognition through a brief training paradigm. Research evidence of past decades has shed light on the relationship between non-symbolic and symbolic numerical cognition through neuroscience, neuropsychological, correlational and indirect research evidences. However there was no research evidence specifying the causal relationship between the two directly. To bridge this gap present study was carried out in an effort to disentangle this relationship through training study with first grade children who are at the very first step of connecting these two systems through class mathematics learning. This research study has been divided in two phases. Phase 1 of the study comprises of four experiments (i.e; experiment 1: N= 48; experiment 2, N=48; experiment 3, N=24; experiment 4, N= 24) conducted with American first grade children. Phase 2 of study comprises of two experiments conducted with Pakistani first grade children (experiment 1, N= 48; experiment 2, N =72). In both, phase1 and 2 children were trained with different training conditions (non-symbolic approximate addition, brightness comparison, line length addition and non-symbolic approximate comparison) and were post tested on symbolic addition (in experiment 1,3,4 of phase 1 and experiment 1 of phase 2), sentence completion task(experiment2 of phase1) and number line placement (experiment 2 of phase 2). Results across different experiments of both phases of study revealed that training with non-symbolic approximate addition and non-symbolic approximate comparison give the children advantage to perform better on symbolic math and number line placement task as compare to control conditions in terms of speed and accuracy. Research evidence indicates that non-symbolic numbers played foundational role in enhancing children performance on symbolic addition, number line placement and that this effect was specific to the domain of mathematics. xi Furthermore, training effect got replicated and extended with Pakistani sample belonging to a totally different cultural context. Results indicate that longitudinal training with nonsymbolic approximate numbers might be helpful to improve children symbolic math and might also be helpful for children with math learning difficulties.