For developing the simulation techniques applicable to engineering system, the modeling of a vertical inverted U–tube steam generator (UTSG) operating in a Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) has been carried out for finding the temperature distribution, optimum boiling length in the tube and addressing the interaction of technical and environmental factors involved in the system. Modeling of a system consists of three stages: (i) Development of computer code, (ii) Application of the model in the steam generator, (iii) Evaluation of the model in the power plant. Computer model has the ability for optimization of steam generator parameters to be used in simulation. The steam generator modeling for the temperature distributions comprises of development of a specific mathematical model considering the real engineering constraints. The modeling approach used for the simulation of a conventional boiler has to be revised, since the heat transfer regime in each tube can not be fixed by the equipment design. General equations have to be used for each tube of the boiler and the actual heat transfer conditions in the tube has to be identified. The solution of the model has been discussed analytically under steady state conditions. Empirical equations are available to predict the saturation temperature in each region of the steam generator. The computed results show the temperature distribution of the primary fluid along the whole length of the tube and the point of saturation temperature, where steam formation starts. The behaviours of important parameters involved in the process are studied by the comparison of simulated results. The analytical solution is based on certain simplifying assumptions, which to some extent limits the scope of its applicability. A numerical simulation technique has been developed by adopting Euler–Cauchy method to obtain a solution independent of the assumptions made in the analytical solution. This makes the model more realistic and flexible and enables to find the relative temperature distribution behaviours of the primary and secondary fluids in UTSG and an optimum boiling length of the tube (Lb). The main advantage of the proposed method is that it permits a better understanding of the influence of the design parameters on the cycle performance. A boundary condition needs to be prescribed along the tube to start calculations.7 The solution of the model has also been discussed under unsteady (Transient) conditions. To simulate the transients, the mathematical model is discretised in terms of time and space coordinates. The flow model in transient state is used to derive a time dependent finite difference simulation technique which gives the relative temperature distributions of the fluids and an optimum boiling length (Lb) with respect to time from 0.0% Reactor Power (RP) level to 100% RP level. For further analysis, the graphs of the temperature distributions of secondary and primary fluids are drawn at specified intervals of time. These results can be used for a multi–objective optimization of the steam generator in future. The model provides a significant analytical capabilities for the specialists working in the field of NPP safety. The purpose of the work is to predict the behaviour of steam generator working in NPP and to help correctly for defining the operator action validation and verification of Emergency Operating Instruction (EOIs). The model is practically feasible under prevailing constraints. Evaluation of the model in terms of calibration, sensitivity and verification yields a good agreement between observed and computed results (hydrograph) of the steam generator and its components. The work on unsteady (transient) heat flow in a UTSG is very scarce in the literature. Mostly, the steady flow problems have been discussed. Few attempts have been made regarding the transient flows. Keeping the above facts in view, the entire work of the present thesis is organized as follows: Chapter 1 consists of some introductory remarks, complete modeling process, explanation of computer codes, the physical model and general features of Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) and Nuclear Steam Generator (NSG). Objectives, scope of study and previous work are also mentioned in this chapter. Chapter 2 studies the basic preliminaries relevant to the laws for system analysis and energy balance equations. Parallel and counter flow heat exchangers and their temperature distributions with length are explained. Shell and tube and multipass shell and tube heat exchangers are also discussed. Heat exchangers effectiveness against the number of transfer units is described at the end of this chapter. Chapter 3 describes modeling and simulation of the steam generator in steady state – a case study. The formulation of the mathematical model and its analytical solution are given. Equation which governs the primary side incompressible fluid flow in8 a UTSG is also modeled here. Model layout and solution procedure is also discussed in this chapter. One fortunate outcome of the graphical approach works best to find percentage changes in the outlet temperature of the primary fluid corresponding to any desired changes in the mass flow rate (m) and the factor Rh. The results of this chapter are published in “Pakistan Journal of Scientific Research, Vol. 60, pp. 40–43, (2008)”. Chapter 4 is concerned with the formulation of numerical models for primary and secondary of fluids. The numerical scheme evaluates the temperature distribution of the primary fluid relative to the temperature distribution of the secondary fluid and vice– versa for the user specified input data. An iterative procedure is followed until the program converges for an optimum boiling length of the tube using relative error criteria. A reasonable agreement between experimental observations and numerical solutions is presented through graphs. These results are published in “Pakistan Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Vol. 4, pp. 74–79, (2009)”. Chapter 5 deals with the solution of the model of UTSG in transient condition. The flow model in transient state is used to derive a time dependent finite difference simulation technique which gives the relative temperature distributions of the fluids and an optimum boiling length (Lb) with respect to time from 0.0% Reactor Power (RP) level to 100% RP level. The results obtained from the suggested models have been found to be in good agreement with the experimental data. The contents of this chapter are published in “Pakistan Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Vol. 5, pp. 10–15, (2009)”. Some observations from chapter 5 have also been accepted for publication in “International Journal of Mathematical Modeling, Simulation and Applications, (2009)”. To upgrade the existing control system, an improved control strategy can be developed. The numerical simulation techniques show that the procedures are effective and can be used for a multi–objective optimization of the steam generator in future.
مستری چراغ دین (۱۹۳۵۔۱۸۵۷) پسرور میں پیدا ہوئے۔ مستری اردو اور فارسی زبان میں شاعری کرتے تھے۔ ۱۹۲۶ء میں آپ مکہ مکرمہ چلے گئے واپس آ کر ’’حج کا ساتھی‘‘ کے نام سے سفر نامہ مرتب کیا۔ خواجہ حسن نظامی نے اس سفر نامہ کو حلقہ مشائخ دہلی کے تحت مارچ ۱۹۲۸ء میں شائع کیا۔ بہت کوشش کے باوجود آپ کا شعری کلام دریافت نہیں ہو سکا۔ ایک شعر ملاحظہ ہو جو انہوں نے اپنے تعمیری مکان کے بیرونی دروازے کی ڈاٹ پر کنندہ کرایا تھا۔
مستری کو فکر تھا تاریخ کا کہ دیا ہاتف نے قصر دل پذیر (۳۱)
۳۱۔ ڈاکٹر سلطان محمود حسین،’’تاریخِ پسرور‘‘لاہور‘ سنگ میل پبلی کیشنز‘ ۱۹۸۱ء ‘ ص : ۲۷۱
Buddhism is dominated by such other characteristics as sympathy, pity, and kindness. Furthermore, it forbids all kind of cruelty, violence, murder, brutality, and giving pain to any living creature. However, contrary to his teachings, the way his followers have targeted the Rohingya Muslims with violence and atrocities only shows how little they follow Gautama Buddha. Right from the independence of Burma, Buddhists, declaring Muslims as a threat, started their genocide, which involved attacking their mosques, their homes, dishonoring Muslim women, and harassing the Muslims without any reason. This compelled Muslims to leave their homes and migrate. The recent wave of violence, starting in June 2012, seriously affected the Muslim majority province of Arakan. Keeping in mind, Arakan is one of the fourteen Burmese provinces, where Islam have ruled since the time of Isalmic Caliphate. Unfortunately, in 1784, Burmese Prince Bodo Phia violated this garden of Islam by carrying out Muslim genocide. He banned all symbols of Islam such as pilgrimage, sacrifice, prayers, Friday and Eid Prayers, and preaching. This study points out the religious problems and issues of Muslims believers in Arakan including its impact, causes and consequences on their lives. The analytical research Methodolgy has been adopted in this studty.
The Sirah of the last Prophet (SAW) of Allah Almighty is an authoritative source of Islamic Shariah. A Muslim must recourse to Sirah of the Holy Prophet (SAW) for the guidance, if he is unable to find a solution from the Holy Quran. As a matter of fact Sirah formulates a precedent for the mankind to follow. The life of the Holy Prophet (SAW), and his companions is the most valid source of Sirah, a role model for the generations to follow. From the early centuries of Islam till now, Muslim and non-Muslim scholars have done a great job to preserve Sirah completely, and to render the basic authentic Arabic Sirah works in other languages. The apostles and messengers were sent by Allah to guide the humanity towards the path of success and salvation both in this world and the hereafter. The chain of prophet hood commenced with Adam (A.S,) and it was completed by the arrival of the Prophet Muhammad (SAW) as the last apostle of Allah. The messengers of Allah Almighty were distinguished from all humans, and were blessed with such qualities and distinctions, which were unique and reserved for them only. Allah Almighty conferred matchless and peculiar qualities upon the last Prophet as compared to other prophets and messengers. Knowledge or research in any form or substance passes through many phases of compilation and corroboration before it gets established. The current topic of the distinctive traits of the Holy Prophet (SAW) was in scattered form before assuming the rank of an independent branch of literature. In the beginning, the distinctive characteristics of the Holy Prophet (SAW) were only described in the books that contained merely the narration of Ahadith. When Sirah was recognized as a distinctive branch of knowledge, only then the knowledge of distinctive characteristics of the Holy Prophet (SAW) was considered as a part of Sirah literature and the discussion about the peculiar characteristics of the Holy Prophet (SAW) became a regular part of the books written about the Sirah of the last prophet of Allah Almighty. The distinctive and peculiar characteristics of the Holy Prophet (SAW) were the integral part of the sirah books. As the time passed on, scholars started to write about these distinctive characteristics of the Holy Prophet (SAW) with minute details. This thesis is an analysis of Urdu Sirah literature regarding distinctive and peculiar characteristics of the Holy Prophet (SAW). These books have given Urdu Sirah literature a novel form and dimension, and it is because of such a literature, that the readers of Sirah literature have been able to develop an acquaintance with the dynamic aspects of Sirah of the Holy Prophet (SAW). This thesis consists of five chapters. First chapter has three sections. In this chapter the meaning of distinctive and peculiar characteristics has been described. A Short introduction of books penned around the distinctive aspects of Sirah has been given briefly. The research study also describes different forms of distinctions as discussed by scholars in x their books. Second Chapter has four sections. First section contains the introductory discussion about the style of the Holy Quran in narrating the distinctive and peculiar characteristics of the Holy Prophet (SAW). Second Section indicates the peculiarities of the Prophet related to His preaching. Third Section evaluates literary distinctions and in Fourth Section ethical characteristics has been described briefly in the light of Urdu Sirah Books. Third chapter also consists of four sections. First section describes the physical distinctions of the Holy Prophet (SAW). Second deals with characteristics of family life, while third and fourth are about distinctions related to Ummah and Jihād. All these distinctive characteristics have also been proved through references taken from Ahadith provided in Urdu Sirah Books. Fourth Chapter has four sections, in which the miracles of the Holy Prophet (SAW) have been discussed and narrated with the help of the books written on distinctive characteristics. First section discusses the miracle in a theoretical manner. Second section describes the comprehension and abundance of miracles of the Holy Prophet (SAW). Last two section gives a brief introduction about the exclusive miracles of the Holy Prophet (SAW). Fifth chapter consists of four sections. Section one indicates the style of Sirah writers regarding distinctive characteristics of the Holy Prophet (SAW) in the light of Holy Quran. Second section contains a critical analysis of the characteristics that are being depicted from weak and fixed collection of Hadith. Third section analyses the arguments regarding distinctions as being described with reference to Bible in Urdu Sirah Books. Last section reviews the concurrences and contradictions of the subjects in the books written about distinctive characteristics. The Sirah literature, we discussed in our dissertation expanded a new dimension of Sirah. The literature upon distinctive characteristics of the Holy Prophet (SAW) reveals peculiar characteristics of the last prophet from his life and lifestyle. His personality and conduct is set as a role model by Allah Almighty for the whole mankind across the globe. The life of the Holy Prophet (SAW) is a complete code of life for humanity. The study of distinctive and peculiar characteristics of the Holy Prophet (SAW) is necessary to become familiar with, and to elaborate the conduct of the Holy Prophet (SAW). The description of the grandeur, the magnitude and distinctions of the Holy Prophet (SAW) enlighten the heart of every Muslim with delight and serenity. It also awakens the passion of love and obedience to the Holy Prophet (SAW). Through these books, the Muslims across the globe came to know about the grandeur and high rank of the Holy Prophet (SAW). They are instrumental to enhance the love and devotion for the Holy Prophet (SAW), which is also an essential part of Faith. The material of the books has been derived from basic and authentic sources of Islamic Studies, which enhances and highlights the importance of Sirah of the Holy Prophet (SAW).