Wheat is the main staple food consumed by billions across the globe. In south Asia, wheat is grown in diverse crop rotations; nonetheless rice-wheat crop rotation is most prominent one which ensures the food security of the whole region. However, late wheat sowing is an important yield limiting factor in this system. Indeed, management of massive quantity of crop residues (7-10 t ha-1) produced in this system accomplished with the late harvest of basmati rice varieties are the major obstacle in the timely wheat sowing. In this scenario, zero tillage provides a better chance for timely planting of wheat, management of crop residues as well as environment and soil sustainability. Fertilizer application in no-till techniques requires careful attention in order to optimize efficiency of fertilizer use by crops. This study was conducted at Adaptive research farm, Gujranwala, Pakistan and was repeated over time. The aim of study was to develop the most favorable and economical no-till technique along with suitable source of nitrogen and optimum height of anchored rice stubbles in combine harvested rice field. Experiment I comprised of five no-till techniques viz. (1) wheat sowing with turbo seeder, (2) wheat sowing with happy seeder, (3) wheat sowing with zone disc tiller, (4) wheat sowing with conventional zero tillage drill after manual removal of rice residues, and (5) wheat sowing with conventional zero tillage drill after burning of rice residues. There were five blends of nitrogen (N) viz. (1) 100% N from urea, (2) 75% N from urea and 25% N from ammonium sulphate, (3) 50% N from urea and 50% N from ammonium sulphate) (4) 25% N from urea and 75% N from ammonium sulphate, and (5) 100% N from ammonium sulphate. Experiment II comprised of three no-till techniques viz. (1) wheat sowing with turbo seeder, (2) wheat sowing with happy seeder, and (3) wheat sowing with zone disc tiller. There were four different anchored rice stubble heights viz. (1) 15-cm, (2) 30-cm, (3) 45-cm, and (4) 60-cm. In experiment I, turbo seeded wheat with N fertilization combination of 50% N from urea and 50% N from ammonium sulphate produced the longer roots and highest leaf area index and total dry matter maximum during both years. Among different blends of N, application of N in the form of urea (50%) and ammonium sulphate (50%) produced more grain yield than all other blends of nitrogen during both years of experimentation. We observed 21% more grain yield was produced in second year than the first year due to favorable climatic conditions for crop growth. Turbo seeder produced higher grain yield as compared to other no-till techniques. There was 5-10% lower soil bulk density (0-5, 5-10 cm) in the plots wheat crop was sown by turbo seeder than other no-till techniques during both years of experimentation. Maximum nutrient use efficiency was observed in happy seeder sown wheat compared to other no-till techniques during 2014-15, while during 2015-16 turbo seeder sown wheat exhibited more nutrient use efficiency. Maximum benefit cost ratio was observed in wheat sown by turbo seeder with application of nitrogen in the form of urea (50%) and ammonium sulphate (50%) than other no-till systems and blends of nitrogen during both the years. In experiment II, maximum leaf area index and total dry matter were observed in turbo seeder sown wheat at 45-cm height of standing stubbles in combine harvested rice field during both years. Wheat sown by turbo and happy seeder in combine harvested rice field with anchored rice stubbles at 45-cm height gave higher grain yield than other no-till techniques and stubble heights. We observed 17% more grain yield in 2015-16 than 2014-15. Wheat crop sown with turbo seeder exhibited 5-7% less soil bulk density than other tillage systems, while on the other hand wheat no-tilled in anchored rice stubbles at 45-cm height in combine harvested rice field showed minimum soil bulk density as compared to other heights during both years of study. The highest grain protein contents were noted in turbo seeder with anchored stubbles of rice at 45-cm height in combine harvested rice field in comparison with all other no-till techniques and stubble heights. Wheat crop sown with turbo seeder in combine harvested rice field left with anchored stubbles at 45-cm height gave maximum net return and benefit cost ratio during both years. In crux, wheat sowing by turbo and happy seeder at 45-cm height of standing rice stubbles is the most viable technology for rice-wheat cropping system. Likewise, a no-till technique along with N fertilization (50% N from urea and 50% from ammonium sulphate) is most viable option to increase the wheat production with higher profitability.
وقت کے لمحے، موتی ہیرے نحمدہ ونصلی علی رسولہ الکریم امّا بعد فاعوذ بااللہ من الشیطن الرجیم بسم اللہ الرحمن الرحیم معزز سامعین اور میرے ہم مکتب ساتھیو! آج مجھے جس موضوع پر اظہار خیال کرناہے وہ ہے:’’وقت کے لمحے، موتی ہیرے‘‘ صدرِذی وقار! وقت واقعی ایک دولت ہے جس نے وقت کی رفتار کے ساتھ چلنے کا ڈھنگ سیکھ لیا وہ دولت مند بن گیا ، صاحب ثروت ہو گیا ،سلیقہ شعار ہو گیا، ہنر مند بن گیا ، سعادت مند بن گیا، اس کی تجوریاں ہیرو جواہرات سے بھر گئیں ۔ جنابِ صدر! وقت کے صحیح استعمال سے جہاں انسان ظاہری طور پر خوشحال ہو جاتا ہے۔ وہاں اس کے باطنی خدوخال بھی سنور جاتے ہیں اس کو روحانی تازگی میسر آتی ہے اس کی ذہنی آسودگی کو چار چاند لگ جاتے ہیں اس کی پریشانیاں دور ہو جاتی ہیں اور اس کی مشکلات آسان ہو جاتی ہیں۔ وقت کی قدر کرنے والے واقعی اس دولت سے بھر پور فائدہ اٹھاتے ہیں۔ محترم صدر! اگر کائنات کی رنگینیوں کو امعانِ نظر سے دیکھیں تو ہر شے وقت کی تسبیح میں پروئی ہوئی نظر آتی ہے۔ سورج اپنے وقت پرمشرق سے طلوع ہوتا اور وقت پر ہی مغرب میں غروب ہو جاتا ہے۔ ستارے اپنی روشنی بکھیرتے ہوئے آتے ہیں اور وقت پر ہی ہمیں نور کی بشارت دے کر رخصت ہو جاتے ہیں اللہ تعالیٰ نے کائنات کے تمام نظام کو وقت کے دھارے میں محصور کیا ہے۔ جنابِ صدر! موذن کی اذان وقت پر ہوتی ہے۔ خطیب کا خطبہ وقت پر ہوتا ہے۔ جج کافیصلہ وقت پر ہوتا ہے۔ شہید کے خون کا قطرہ وقت پر گرتا ہے، غازی میدانِ جنگ میں وقت پر کفار کو واصل جہنم کرتا ہے ،معلم کی تدریس وقت پر ہوتی ہے۔ مصنف کی تصنیف...
Islamic law is basically a part of a holistic system based primarily on the divine message enclosed in the Holy Qur'an and traditions of the Prophet (SAW), which are the main fundamental sources of Islamic law. After the demise of the Prophet (SAW), field of Ijtehād started development, which was already approved by the Prophet (SAW) in his life. The companions of the Prophet (SAW) developed the notion of Ijmā while early Muslim jurists discovered the Qiyās, Maslaha, Istislāh, Istehsān etc. Determining the location of authority and its scope in law-making has remained a complex situation for the western philosophers since long. As far as the case of Muslims is concerned, they are in the position to find solution of this situation as to where the authority dwells; enabling them to resolve many queries which seemed to be unanswered for the long time. It is important for the Muslims to comprehend the concept of Islamic institutions from the perspective of Islamic frame work and legal as well as constitutional history of Islamic history.
The study under report revealed investigations on economic losses, biometry and chemical composition of hydatid cyst in cattle. Five thousand cattle of either sex were examined at slaughter in Faisalabad abattoir during 1988 to 1990. A prevalence of hydatidosis in 35 per cent cattle was recorded. The hydatid cyst was found in various organs i.e. liver, lungs, spleen, heart and kidneys. Liver contained 25.31 per cent cystic burden while lungs and spleen were having 47.31 and 1.83 per cent of cysts, respectively. Female cattle contained significantly higher burden of cysts in lungs, spleen and lungs, liver and spleen simultaneously as compared to male cattle. Lungs were found to be the main seat of cyst localization irrespective of the sex. An Annual national loss of 26.5 million rupees was estimated due to condemnation of hydatid infected organs during the year 1990. Almost half of the total economic loss was being born by Sindh followed by Punjab 13.3 and 7.3 million rupees. Chemical composition studies of hydatid cystic fluid revealed that the proteins, lipids and glucose were found significantly different in each case of fertile and infertile (sterile) hydatid cystic fluid. A significantly higher amount of protein contents were found in lungs as compared to livers while lipids were found significantly lower in liver infertile (sterile) hydatid cystic fluid. Similarly the contents of glucose were found significantly higher in livers than the lungs cystic fluid. Among electrolytes, sodium (Na) contents were found significantly higher in sterile hydatid cystic fluid of livers while significantly a lower concentration of potassium (K) were observed in the sterile hydatid cystic fluid of lungs. The chloride (Cl) contents were found significantly higher in the sterile hydatid cystic fluid of both livers and lungs. The trace elements, phosphorous (P), Copper (Cu) and Iron (Fe) were found significantly higher in concentration in the cystic fluid of livers and lungs fertile hydatid cysts as compared with the sterile ones. Magnesium (Mg) contents were found nearly constant in both fertile and sterile hydatid cystic fluid of livers and lungs.