Wheat is the main staple food consumed by billions across the globe. In south Asia, wheat is grown in diverse crop rotations; nonetheless rice-wheat crop rotation is most prominent one which ensures the food security of the whole region. However, late wheat sowing is an important yield limiting factor in this system. Indeed, management of massive quantity of crop residues (7-10 t ha-1) produced in this system accomplished with the late harvest of basmati rice varieties are the major obstacle in the timely wheat sowing. In this scenario, zero tillage provides a better chance for timely planting of wheat, management of crop residues as well as environment and soil sustainability. Fertilizer application in no-till techniques requires careful attention in order to optimize efficiency of fertilizer use by crops. This study was conducted at Adaptive research farm, Gujranwala, Pakistan and was repeated over time. The aim of study was to develop the most favorable and economical no-till technique along with suitable source of nitrogen and optimum height of anchored rice stubbles in combine harvested rice field. Experiment I comprised of five no-till techniques viz. (1) wheat sowing with turbo seeder, (2) wheat sowing with happy seeder, (3) wheat sowing with zone disc tiller, (4) wheat sowing with conventional zero tillage drill after manual removal of rice residues, and (5) wheat sowing with conventional zero tillage drill after burning of rice residues. There were five blends of nitrogen (N) viz. (1) 100% N from urea, (2) 75% N from urea and 25% N from ammonium sulphate, (3) 50% N from urea and 50% N from ammonium sulphate) (4) 25% N from urea and 75% N from ammonium sulphate, and (5) 100% N from ammonium sulphate. Experiment II comprised of three no-till techniques viz. (1) wheat sowing with turbo seeder, (2) wheat sowing with happy seeder, and (3) wheat sowing with zone disc tiller. There were four different anchored rice stubble heights viz. (1) 15-cm, (2) 30-cm, (3) 45-cm, and (4) 60-cm. In experiment I, turbo seeded wheat with N fertilization combination of 50% N from urea and 50% N from ammonium sulphate produced the longer roots and highest leaf area index and total dry matter maximum during both years. Among different blends of N, application of N in the form of urea (50%) and ammonium sulphate (50%) produced more grain yield than all other blends of nitrogen during both years of experimentation. We observed 21% more grain yield was produced in second year than the first year due to favorable climatic conditions for crop growth. Turbo seeder produced higher grain yield as compared to other no-till techniques. There was 5-10% lower soil bulk density (0-5, 5-10 cm) in the plots wheat crop was sown by turbo seeder than other no-till techniques during both years of experimentation. Maximum nutrient use efficiency was observed in happy seeder sown wheat compared to other no-till techniques during 2014-15, while during 2015-16 turbo seeder sown wheat exhibited more nutrient use efficiency. Maximum benefit cost ratio was observed in wheat sown by turbo seeder with application of nitrogen in the form of urea (50%) and ammonium sulphate (50%) than other no-till systems and blends of nitrogen during both the years. In experiment II, maximum leaf area index and total dry matter were observed in turbo seeder sown wheat at 45-cm height of standing stubbles in combine harvested rice field during both years. Wheat sown by turbo and happy seeder in combine harvested rice field with anchored rice stubbles at 45-cm height gave higher grain yield than other no-till techniques and stubble heights. We observed 17% more grain yield in 2015-16 than 2014-15. Wheat crop sown with turbo seeder exhibited 5-7% less soil bulk density than other tillage systems, while on the other hand wheat no-tilled in anchored rice stubbles at 45-cm height in combine harvested rice field showed minimum soil bulk density as compared to other heights during both years of study. The highest grain protein contents were noted in turbo seeder with anchored stubbles of rice at 45-cm height in combine harvested rice field in comparison with all other no-till techniques and stubble heights. Wheat crop sown with turbo seeder in combine harvested rice field left with anchored stubbles at 45-cm height gave maximum net return and benefit cost ratio during both years. In crux, wheat sowing by turbo and happy seeder at 45-cm height of standing rice stubbles is the most viable technology for rice-wheat cropping system. Likewise, a no-till technique along with N fertilization (50% N from urea and 50% from ammonium sulphate) is most viable option to increase the wheat production with higher profitability.
آہ! حکیم الامت اِنَّکَ مَیِّت’‘ وَّاِنَّھُمْ مَیِّتُوْنْ یوں تو موت اس عالمِ آب وگل کی ہراس چیزکے لیے ہی مقدر ہے جو زندگی کاعاریتی لباس پہن کر بساطِ ہستی پرنمودار ہوئی ہے۔لیکن جس طرح زندگی زندگی میں فرق ہوتا ہے۔اسی طرح ہرایک کی موت بھی یکساں نہیں ہوتی۔ کبھی کبھی ایسی اموات بھی واقع ہوتی ہیں جوصرف افراد واشخاص کی اموات نہیں ہوتیں بلکہ ان ہزاروں لاکھوں انسانوں کی عمارتِ حیات بھی اس سے متزلزل ہو جاتی ہے جومرنے والے کے دامانِ عقیدت وارادت سے وابستہ ہوتے ہیں۔ پھراس کی موت کاماتم آنکھوں کے چند قطرہ ہائے اشک سے نہیں ہوتا۔بلکہ ہزاروں دلوں کی پرسکون آبادیاں ایک مستقل غم کدۂ آمال دامانی بن کر رہ جاتی ہیں۔ امیدوں اور ولولوں کے چراغ بجھ جاتے ہیں ۔نشاط وکامرانی ٔحیات کے آتش کدے سرد ہوجاتے ہیں اورایسا محسوس ہوتاہے کہ اس حادثہِ جان کاہ نے کائناتِ عالم کی ہرہر چیز کواداس اورغمگین بنادیا ہے۔اسی قسم کی ایک موت پرعربی شاعر نے کہاتھا۔ وماکان قیس’‘ ھلکہٗ ھلک واحد ولکنَّہ بنیانُ قومٍ تَھَدَّمَا قیس کامرنا صرف ایک شخص کامرنا نہیں ہے بلکہ وہ ایک قوم کی بنیاد تھا جومنہدم ہوگئی گذشتہ ماہِ جولائی کی تاریخ ۱۹؍ ۲۰؍کی درمیانی شب کو تقریباً دس بجے حکیم الامت حضرت مولانا اشرف علی صاحب تھانوی کاجو سانحۂ ارتحال پیش آیاوہ اسی قسم کاسانحہ تھا۔حضرت مولانا جس طرح شریعت کے عالم متبحر تھے طریقت اور سلوک میں بھی مقامِ رفیع کے مالک تھے۔ان کی ذات علومِ ظاہری وباطنی کا مخزن تھی۔علمِ سفینہ سے زیادہ علم سینہ ان کااصلی جوہر اور زیور تھا۔تحریریں علم و فضل کامعدن ہوتی تھیں اور تقریر بھی بلاکی اثر انگیز تھی، وہ جس بات کوحق سمجھتے تھے اسے برملا کہتے اور کرتے تھے اوراس میں انھیں کسی لومۃ لائم کی پروا نہیں ہوتی تھی۔خودایک درویش گوشہ نشین تھے۔مگران کاآستانہ بڑے بڑے...
Penelitian ini memiliki tujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat efektivitas pembelajaran daring mata kuliah fisika di perguruan tinggi. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian studi literatur dengan mengambil referensi dari beberapa jurnal dan sumber pustaka dengan pemaparan secara naratif untuk melihat efektifitas pembelajaran daring di perguruan tinggi. Sebagai pendidik, dosen memanfaatkan berbagai media pembelajaran dan aplikasi digital yang diharapkan dapat terintegrasi pada pengalaman belajar mahasiswa dan tetap mengacu pada capaian pembelajaran dalam rencana pembelajaran semester (RPS). Fisika merupakan salah satu mata kuliah wajib. Pembelajaran daring pada mata kuliah fisika di perguruan tinggi memang cukup baik, namun memiliki kendala terhadap pemahaman terhadap materi fisika yang diajarkan oleh dosen di antaranya pembelajaran yang diberikan lebih dominan teoritis dan kegiatan praktikum tidak optimal dilaksanakan. Sehingga efektivitas pembelajaran daring mata kuliah fisika di perguruan tinggi dapat dikategorikan cukup efektif karena hasilnya tidak optimal.
The purpose of this study is to conduct an in-depth analysis of the existing risk management framework (RMF) to find out the shortcomings in each phase of risk management process and risk governance issues in the commercial banking industry of Pakistan. A qualitative research design was adopted for this study to carry out the indepth evaluation of the existing RMF. A case study based research strategy was adopted in which in-depth interviews were conducted from the CROs/Heads of Risk, Head of Market, Head of Credit Risk of commercial banks of Pakistan as well as from SBP employees of RMD and BPRD division. Data was collected at one point of time so this was a cross sectional study. Data analysis was done using a technique called thematic analysis using QSR-Nvivo 11. In thematic analysis, the data collected through interviews were coded under relevant nodes. Then themes are extracted from the nodes using word cloud and word trees. The thematic analysis reveals that there are certain deficiencies in the existing RMF. Firstly, ineffectiveness of board risk oversight is due to absence of risk expert on the BRMC, lack of risk knowledge and experience, quality, quantity and timeliness of risk information, and dysfunctional behavior of executive management. Secondly, incorrect positioning of CRO is due to lack of peer status, reporting line, sole responsible of risk management, and limited to compliance function only. Thirdly, lack of maturity of risk management capabilities is due to lack of certified risk talent and risk trainings; lack of advanced e-risk solution, unavailability of tested and validated risk models, and repeatable or define state of maturity. Fourthly, weak risk culture and lack of risk awareness towards risk policy for effective risk understanding; risk identification framework for effective risk identification; e-risk software solutions; advanced risk techniques and tested risk models for effective risk assessment & analysis; inefficient information & reporting system for effective risk monitoring & controlling. Lastly, there is a lack of risk training, workshops and seminars a on the part of SBP to facilitate banks in the adoption of latest regulations and techniques such Basel III etc. It is recommended that the SBP should increase their risk training programs so that the adoption of new risk standards like Basel III will become smooth. Moreover, it is suggested that the Board of Directors (BoDs) and executive management take steps to improve the capability and maturity of the risk management function by introducing tested and validated risk models, risk certification e.g. FRM etc., advanced e-risk software solutions e.g. SAS etc., and internal risk trainings, workshops and seminars. These initiatives will improve the strength, capability and maturity of the risk management function and makes the banks more secure and profitable. Furthermore, it is suggested that the BoDs design policies to create a risk culture in the bank so that every person in the bank will understand the importance of risk management that could lead to correct the positioning of CROs in the banks so that the CROs can play their part in the most effective way. This study is the first one to apply the thematic analysis on the qualitative data in the risk management area. Previous studies do not cover the risk management framework and risk governance problems whereas the present study consider the indepth evaluation of the existing risk management framework in commercial banking industry of Pakistan and the results are beneficial for many stakeholders such as SBP, BoDs, BRMC, ERMCs and CROs.