Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is considered as natural and non-toxic sucrose alternative that has ability to manage obesity and its associated diseases. Moreover, it is safe for human health and does not produce side effects. For the purpose, stevia leaves powder was characterized and stevioside (major glycoside in stevia due to which its taste is sweet) were extracted through different solvents (methanol, ethanol and water), purified and quantified by HPLC. Stevia extracts were also analyzed for physicochemical parameters.Regarding chemical composition, stevia leaves powder is rich source of both macronutrients and micronutrients. Ethanolic extract of stevia had high amount of antioxidants and stevioside as compared to methanolic and aqueous extracts of stevia. pH of ethanolic extract was less while total soluble sugars and total sugars were more than other extracts of stevia. In the product development phase, stevia leaves powder was utilized in the preparation of muffins and pure stevioside from aqueous stevia extract was incorporated in peach ready-to-serve beverages as sugar substitute. Both stevia muffins and stevioside from aqueous stevia extract containing RTS peach beverages were analyzed for phytochemical, physical and sensory analyses. The well-designed drinks were also subjected to all these analysis during two months storage period. Stevia improved the nutritional and antioxidant profile of both products. The physical and organoleptic evaluation parameters were affected significantly in muffins and beverages except pH and acidity. The antioxidant and physicochemical properties of stevioside containing RTS peach drinks were substantially affected and organoleptic evaluation parameters remained acceptable during storage. Animal studies were performed by varying the diets to investigate the anti-diabetic and hyperlipidemic potential of stevioside. In study I diabetes was induced in rats and then stevia aqueous extract was given to them and their anti-diabetic effect was compared with normal and diabetic control. In study II hypolipidemic potential of stevia aqueous extract was determined and compared with normal and hyperlipidemic controls. Stevia aqueous extract caused in momentous drop in body weights in both diabetic and hyperlipidemic rats. In the diabetic rats stevia significantly decreased the random, fasting blood glucose levels and HbA1c and elevated the insulin and glycogen contents. The total cholesterol, total triglycerides, low density lipoproteins, very low density lipoproteins levels and LDL/HDL ratio significantly decreased and high density lipoprotein level improved in hyperlipidemic rats taken stevia aquatic extract. ALT, AST and ALP significantly decreased and total weights ratios of body organs remained unaffected in both studies. Fromtheexistingexploration,itisassumedthat stevia aquatic extract is activein contradiction ofobesity,diabetes and hyperlipidemia.
خواجہ غلام السیدین افسوس ہے کہ خواجہ غلام السیدین بھی دنیا سے رخصت ہوگئے، ان کی موت علمی دنیا کا اندوہناک حادثہ ہے، وہ علی گڑھ کی بہترین پیداوار اور اس کا مثالی نمونہ تھے، اﷲ تعالیٰ نے ان میں علم و فضل، فکر و نظر، تقریر و تحریر، تالیف و تصنیف بہت سے کمالات جمع کردیئے تھے، اردو اور انگریزی دونوں زبانوں میں ان کو بڑی قدرت تھی، تعلیم کے ماہر خصوصی تھے، ان کے خیالات میں گہرائی کے ساتھ بڑا اعتدال و توازن تھا اور وہ مغربی تعلیم اور مشرقی تہذیب کا سنگم تھے، وہ نئے دور کی پیداوار تھے اور جدید علوم و افکار میں مہارت کے ساتھ راسخ العقیدہ مسلمان بھی تھے، ان کے دل میں اپنے مذہب و ملت کا درد تھا، اگرچہ بعض مسائل میں وہ جدید خیالات سے متاثر تھے، لیکن اسلام کی ترجمانی کا پورا حق ادا کرتے تھے، انھوں نے قلم و زبان دونوں سے مذہب و ملت کی خدمت انجام دی، ان کو ہندوستان اور اس کے باہر بڑے بڑے علمی اعزاز حاصل ہوئے اور مختلف علمی، تعلیمی، مذہبی اور ادبی موضوعات پر انگریزی اور اردو دونوں زبانوں میں تصنیفی یادگار چھوڑیں، ان کی تصانیف بڑی فکر انگیز ہیں، اﷲ تعالیٰ ان کی مغفرت اور دنیا کی طرح آخرت کی سربلندی سے بھی سرفراز فرمائے، یوں تو آئے دن موتیں ہوتی رہتی ہیں، مگر جب کوئی معاصر اور ہم عمر اٹھتا ہے تو اپنا وقت بھی قریب نظر آتا ہے۔ بہت آگے گئے باقی جو ہیں تیار بیٹھے ہیں (شاہ معین الدین ندوی، جنوری ۱۹۷۲ء)
The present study examines the determinants of male labour force participation in district Lahore, Pakistan. The authors have collected data from age cohort 18-64 years by primary source. The results are tested by using logit model. The results show that age, increasing educational levels, parents’ level of education, presence of assets and marital status contribute significantly to higher male participation rate in the workforce.
The objective of the study was to examine the impact of devolution reform of 2001 on the health management
functions and to determine the change in managerial roles and responsibilities after the devolution reform.
Qualitative research methods, inclusive of review of published as well as the grey literature, archival analysis
and informant interviews were used for analysis. An internationally validated tool was used for data collection
and analysis.
Analysis of data showed that devolution reform of 2001 has changed the power holder scenario in the Health
sector all the way down from the National level to the District and Facility level, with an increased involvement
of District level after devolution. On the other side there is still a conflict among various power holders, about
who has the authority and has responsibility of certain managerial functions. This conflict is visible, in the
way respondents identified the level of authority and responsibility for each managerial function, and the level
of agreement (or disagreement) among the respondents for that function. After the devolution, lower level
managerial cadre has been upgraded with new district level management system, but it has increased the role-
conflict among various power-holders in health system. This role-conflict resulted in increased ambiguity and
a negative impact on the managerial functions of public health.
The main conclusion of the study is that health managers in Pakistan do not share same perceptions of how
responsibility and authority are distributed after the devolution. Managerial powers were not clearly allocated
even in past before decentralization, but post-devolution situation has further increased the role conflict in
the health system. Management roles in health sector have become more ambiguous after devolution, and the
impact of devolution in redistribution of management responsibility and authority has not been in a better
and desired direction. A model of managerial functions in post-devolved health systems is also suggested in
recommendations.