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Home > Development of Topical Formulations Loaded With Antioxidant Rich Herbal Extracts and In-Vivo Evaluation by Skin Bioengineering Techniques

Development of Topical Formulations Loaded With Antioxidant Rich Herbal Extracts and In-Vivo Evaluation by Skin Bioengineering Techniques

Thesis Info

Access Option

External Link

Author

Mohsin, Sabeeh

Program

PhD

Institute

The Islamia University of Bahawalpur

City

Bahawalpur

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2018

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Pharmaceutics

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/13587/1/Sabeeh_Mohsin_Pharmaceutics_HSR_2018_IUB_18.07.2018.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676725892574

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Bauhinia variegata (B. variegata) and Zea mays (Z. mays) are rich in antioxidants that have been widely used in the cosmetic industry. These are rich in antioxidants that have been frequently used ingredients in various cosmetics products. These antioxidants are responsible for skin health and protect it against the internal and environmental hazards especially damages caused by UV irradiation by combating the reactive oxygen species (ROS). Antioxidants have been widely used in the treatment of various skin condition including skin darkening, dry skin, aging. The prime objective of this study was to design delivery system as water in oil emulsion (W/O) or oil in water (O/W) emulsion loaded with antioxidant extracts, evaluate their physical stability and study the formulation for their possible effects on the skin. The B. variegata leaves and Z. mays hairs were extracted with various solvents. The antioxidant activities of the extracts were determined by the DPPH (2, 2 diphhenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl) method. The ethanolic extract of B. variegata leaves (BV extract) and Z. mays hairs (ZM extract) with higher antioxidant activities 86.46±1.13 and 81.5±0.93 respectively were selected for the preparation of formulations. Various water in oil (W/O) emulsions were prepared containing 4% BV extract or 2% ZM extract. Similarly a range of formulations were designed with varying composition loaded with 4% BV extract or 2% ZM extract. The optimized formulations F1 (2% BV extract W/O emulsion), F2 (4% ZM extract W/O emulsion), F3 (2% BV extract O/W emulsion) and F4 (4% ZM extract O/W emulsion) were obtained by keeping at a temperature of 40 °C for 28 days and later on at 50 °C. The selected formulation were characterized and evaluated for physical stability by keeping at 8 °C, 25 °C, 40 °C and 40 °/75% RH. The physical stability was determined by monitoring the organoleptic properties (colour change, phase separation and liquifaction), sedimentation on centrifugation, rheological properties and microscopic behavior at various time intervals. The formulations were also evaluated for their in vivo effects on the skin by evaluating the skin parameters including erythema, melanin contents, moisture level, sebum content and skin elasticity by the continuous application of formulation and corresponding base on the right and left side of the face of male volunteers. The study was single blinded, controlled, split face with four groups for each formulation, having 13 volunteers each. The data was analyzed by using ANOVA test and paired sample t-test. All the formulations F1-F4 demonstrated stable physical characteristics when kept at various storage conditions during the study. Temperature dependent changes in some physical parameters were observed only in the later stage of study depending on the nature of formulation. The results of in-vivo evaluation indicate that formulations loaded with antioxidant extracts produced significant changes in the skin parameters. The erythema, melanin, sebum content of the skin showed significant decrease while a significant increase was observed in the moisture content by the application of F1, F2, F3 and F4 during the 90 days study. The formulations have also shown positive response in the relative skin elasticity parameter (R2, R5, R6 and R7). A gradual improvement was observed in the R2, R5 and R7 and R7decreased as a result of application of antioxidant emulsions. Our results indicate that the antioxidant rich extract derived from B. variegata or Z mays can be incorporated into biphasic systems as stable formulation and the topical application of these formulations can produce beneficial effects in the various skin parameters. Thus emulsified systems loaded with BV extract and ZM extract may have potential role as cosmetic or pharmaceutical product in treatment of skin aging and various skin diseases.
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جدائی کے لمحات

جدائی کے لمحات
نحمدہ ونصلی علی رسولہ الکریم امّا بعد فاعوذ بااللہ من الشیطن الرجیم
بسم اللہ الرحمن الرحیم
معزز اساتذہ کرام اور میرے ہم مکتب شاہینو!
آج مجھے جس موضوع پر اظہار خیال کرناہے وہ ہے:’’جدائی کے لمحات‘‘
جُدائی پر ہے قائم یہ نظامِ زندگانی بھی
بچھڑ جاتا ہے ساحل سے گلے مِل مِل کے پانی بھی
جنابِ صدر!
آج وہ لمحہ ہے جس میں ہم ایک دوسرے سے جدا ہورہے ہیں، ایک دوسرے کو خیر آباد کہہ رہے ہیں ، ایک دوسرے سے الوداعی کلمات کہہ رہے ہیں۔
غنیمت جان لو، مل بیٹھنے کو
جدائی کی گھڑی سر پر کھڑی ہے
معزز سامعین!
ہماری آج کی یہ تقریب ہمیں یہ احساس دلارہی ہے کہ ترقی کی منازل طے کرنے کے لیے گھر چھوڑنا پڑتا ہے، اور اعزہ واقرباء کو جدائی کے لمحات سے گزرنا پڑتا ہے ، خزاں آشنا مخلوق ہمیشہ پستی کی طرف رواں دواں رہتی ہے اور بہار رسیدہ افراد عروج کی طرف گامزن ہو جاتے ہیں۔
جنابِ عالی!
آج ہم وسطانی تعلیم مکمل کر کے المدرسۃ العلیا ء کی طرف جارہے ہیں۔ یہ ہماری محنت کے ساتھ ساتھ والدین کی دعاؤں اور اساتذہ کی کدو کاوش اور بالخصوص اللہ تعالیٰ کے فضل و کرم کا شاخسانہ ہے۔
محترم صدر!
وہی قوم ترقی کی منازل طے کرتی ہے جس کی رگوں میں دوڑنے والا خون حلال روزی سے بنا ہو، اور جس کے ذہن میں وطن کی خدمت کا جذ بہ انگڑائی لے رہا ہو اور جو ملک و ملت کے لیے کچھ کارہائے نمایاں سرانجام دینے کا متمنی ہو اور جس کے شب و روز اپنے خاندان کے علاوہ پوری قوم کے ساتھ اُخوت ومحبت کے جذبے کو پروان چڑھانے میں مصروف ہوتے ہوں۔
جنابِ عالی!
میں اپنے ان اساتذہ کا ممنون ہوں جنہوں نے...

ولادت النبیﷺ سے متعلق سیرۃ کی چند روایات کا تحقیقی جائزہ

Allah sent Hadrat Muhammad (SAW) as last Prophet and preserved his all aspect of life for the complete guidance of mankind. Love with the Holy Prophet (SAW) is a part of the Faith. But it has become the standard of his love that all the things which are attributed to him either authentic or unauthentic are accepted without research. Regarding the S╚rah (life) of Holy Prophet (SAW) numerous authentic narrations are exist, but on the other hand some fabricated narrations also mentioned by the story-teller historians, so be careful while propagating these narrations. Some narrations are very famous regarding the birth of the Holy prophet (SAW) which are far away from the reality. In this article some narrations regarding the birth of the Holy prophet (SAW) are scholarly reviewed in the light of the views of the scholars of Jarh-o- Ta‘d┘l in order to find their legal status.

Distinguishability Parameters in Graphs

The idea of “distinguishing the vertices of a graph from one another” goes back to the work by Entringer and Gassman [36] and Sumner [81], where the authors posed a problem: which graphs have property that “there is one-to-one correspondence between vertices and their neighbourhoods”. The vertices of such graphs can be distinguished by their neighbourhoods. The idea has demonstrated its fundamental nature through a wide variety of applications associated to graphs in theory of networks, communication, robot navigation, programming a robot in manipulating objects to name a few. Later work on distinguishability parameters of graphs has used ideas different from the work of Sumner. The following approaches to the problem have found more attention than others. In the distance-based approach, each vertex of a connected graph Γ is distinguished from every other vertex of Γ by labeling a subset M of V (Γ) and using the distances between the vertices of Γ and those of M to construct a one-to-one function on V (Γ). The minimum cardinality of set M is called the metric dimension of Γ. In the symmetry breaking approach, we choose a set of vertices of Γ which has only the trivial automorphism in its stabilizer (only the trivial automorphism fixes the vertices in S). Another idea in symmetry breaking approach is that we choose a set D of vertices and color them with the minimum number of colors. In both of the ideas, the automorphism group of graph Γ is destroyed and we are assured that every vertex of graph can be distinguished. The minimum cardinality of set S is called the fixing number of Γ and the minimum number of colors required to color the vertices of set D is called the distinguishing number of Γ. In the location-domination approach, we choose a dominating set L of a graph Γ such that every vertex of Γ outside the dominating set is uniquely distinguished by its neighborhood within the dominating set. In the covering code approach, we find a set of vertices whose neighborhoods uniquely overlap at any vertex of graph Γ. The brief details of our contributions to this area are as follows: We define a new distinguishability parameter ‘fixed number’ of graphs that gives us the minimum number of vertices with random choice such that fixing those vertices destroys the automorphism group of the graph. We extend the study of weak total resolving set, weak total metric dimension and weak total resolving number of graphs. We also study well-known distinguishingability parameters locating-dominating sets for functigraphs and locating-dominating sets, identifying codes and distinguishing number for non-zero component graphs associated to finite vector space. A set of vertices S of a graph Γ is called a fixing set of Γ, if only the trivial automorphism of Γ fixes every vertex in S. The fixing number of a graph is the smallest cardinality of a fixing set. The fixed number of a graph Γ is the minimum number γ, such that every subset of vertices of Γ with cardinality γ is a fixing set of Γ. A graph Γ is called a γ-fixed graph, if its fixing number and fixed number are both γ. We study the fixed number of a graph and give a construction of a graph of higher fixed number from a graph of lower fixed number. We find bound on γ in terms of the diameter of a distance-transitive γ-fixed graph. A resolving set of vertices M ⊆ V (Γ) is called a weak total resolving set of Γ, if for each vertex σ ∈ M (symbols σ, ρ are used to represent the vertices of a graph) and for each ρ ∈ V (Γ) \ M, there is one element in M \ {σ} that resolves σ and ρ. The smallest cardinality of a weak total resolving set is called the weak total metric dimension of Γ. In this thesis, we extend the study of weak total resolving sets. We give some characterization and realization results on weak total metric dimension and weak total resolving number. We find weak total metric dimension of tree graph. We also define randomly weak total γ-dimensional graph and study its properties. We find weak total resolving sets and weak total metric dimension of functigraphs of some families of graphs. A subset L of the vertices of a graph Γ is called a locating-dominating set of Γ if for every two distinct vertices σ, ρ ∈ V (Γ) \ L, we have ∅ 6= NΓ(σ) ∩ L 6= NΓ(ρ) ∩ L 6= ∅. The location-domination number of Γ is the minimum cardinality of a locating-dominating set in Γ. Let Γ1 and Γ2 be the disjoint copies of a graph Γ and η : V (Γ1) → V (Γ2) be a function. A functigraph FΓ η consists of vertex set V (Γ1) ∪ V (Γ2) and edge set E(Γ1) ∪ E(Γ2) ∪ {σρ : ρ = η(σ)}. We study the variation of location-domination number in passing from Γ to FΓ η and find its sharp lower and upper bounds. We also study the location-domination number of functigraphs of complete graphs for all possible definitions of function η. We also obtain the location-domination number of functigraphs of a family of spanning subgraphs of complete graphs. We investigate the problem of covering the vertices of non-zero component graphs associated to finite vector spaces as introduced by Das [33], such that we can uniquely identify any vertex by examining the vertices that cover it. We use locating-dominating sets and identifying codes, which are closely related concepts for this purpose. We find the location-domination number and the identifying number of the graph and study the exchange property for locatingdominating sets and identifying codes. We extend the study of properties of automorphisms of non-zero component graphs associated to finite vector spaces. We prove that the symmetric group of basis vectors is isomorphic to the automorphism group of the graph. We find the distinguishing number of the graph for both of the cases, when number of field elements are 2 and more than 2.