Nowadays, considerable attention has been given to those plants which have highest antioxidant value because they are used for the treatment of various dermal disorders such as acne, inflammation, hyper pigmentation, dry skin and for aging. They are also used as sunscreens, moisturizing and smoothing agents as synthetic agents have various adverse effects. The aim of the present study was to formulate and evaluate a thermodynamically stable carrier system which contains Persia americana and Actinidia deliciosa fruit extract and used as topical oil-in-water emulgels. Their characterization was done through in-vitro studies and was evaluated through in-vivo studies upon facial skin of healthy human female volunteers.Extracts of fruits i.e Persia americana and Actinidia deliciosa were prepared successively and the antioxidant activity of both fruits were determined by DPPH (2,2, diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl) assay. The antioxidant activities of Persia americana and Actinidia deliciosa fruit extracts were 84% and 79% respectively. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of both fruit extracts were determined by qualitatively and quantitatively. Suitable oil-in-water type of emulgels E1 containing 4% Persia americana fruit extract, E2 containing 5% Actinidia deliciosa fruit extract and E3 containing combination of 2% Persia americana and 2% Actinidia deliciosa fruit extracts and a base emulgel containing no fruit extract were prepared. All theses emulgel formulations were kept at four different stability storage conditions i.e at 8˚C, 25˚C, 40˚C and40˚C+ 75% RH for study duration of 3 months to observe the following physical parameters like colour, odour, thickness, pH, conductivity, centrifugation, rheological parameters and SEM (scanning electron microscopy). This study was performed according to the criteria of stability guidelines. In-vivo characterization of emulgel formulation was done by applying these formulations on facial skin of healthy human female volunteers for study duration of 3 months to evaluate the following parameters i.e skin melanin, erythema, moisture, sebum, elasticity, Surface evaluation of living skin (skin scaliness, smoothness, roughness and wrinkles) and R parameters of elasticity through cutometer. The study was single blinded and controlled with three groups of active formulation (E1, E2 and E3) and each group having 13 female volunteers. The statistical analysis was done through two- way ANOVA at 5% level of significance and also through paired sample t-test. Active formulations showed significant decrease in skin melanin contents, skin erythema contents, skin sebum contents while a significant increase in skin elasticity and skin moisture contents were observed with respect to base. Active emulgel formulation also showed a significant effect on SELS parameters in increasing the skin smoothness and a significant effect was also observed in decreasing the scaliness, roughness and wrinkleswith respect to base. Therefore it can be concluded from this study that active formulations (E1, E2 and E3) were found completely safe and effective to be used as anti-aging and skin whitening agent by improving the patient compliance.
مقاصد شریعت کا مفہوم متقدمین فقہا ءکرام ؒ نے مقاصد شریعت کی کوئی باقاعدہ تعریف نہیں کی، البتہ ان کے ہاں مقاصد شریعت کے معانی و مفاہیم واضح تھے لیکن انہوں نے بطور اصطلاح اس لفظ کو استعمال نہیں کیا تاہم قدیم کتب کی عبارات پڑھنے سے مقا صد شریعت سے آگاہی ضرور ملتی ہے ۔ امام شافعی ؒ علم مقاصدشریعت کے با نی سمجھے جاتے ہیں کیونکہ انہوں نے سب سے پہلے احکام شریعت کے علل اور احکام شریعت کی معقول و غیر معقول میں تقسیم کو بیان کیا اور احکام کی علل کو بیان کیا جو مقاصد شریعت کا سب سے اہم رکن ہے ۔ آپ ہی وہ پہلے شخص ہیں جنہوں نے اجتہاد اور احکام کے استنباط کے لیے شریعت اور اس کی مصالح کو جاننے کے لیےقواعد کلیہ کا خیال رکھنا ضروری قرار دیا ہے ۔ "امام شافعیؒ نے ہی احکام شریعت کے مقاصد ، ان کی غایات اور ان کے اہداف کی طرف توجہ دی اور طہارت، زکوٰۃ ، صوم، حج ، قصاص، حدود اور قضاء کے کچھ مقاصد کی طرف اشارہ کیا ہے اور اسی طرح کچھ مقاصد خاصہ مثلاً حفظ نفس، حفظ نسب اور حفظ مال بھی بیان کیے ہیں۔ "209 امام جوینی ؒ نے لفظ قصد اور غرض بہت استعمال کیا اور مقاصد شریعت پر خاصی توجہ دی۔ انہوں نے سب سے پہلے مقاصد کی تقسیم کی اور انہیں ضروریات ، حاجیات اور تحسینات میں محصور کیا۔مقاصد کو ضروریات ، حاجیات اور تحسینات میں تقسیم کرتے ہوئےمقاصد کی مندرجہ ذیل پانچ اقسام بیان کی ہیں: 1۔ وہ علل اور اصول جو معقول المعنی ہوں اور ان کا مقصد زندگی کے کلی نظام اور سیاست عامہ سے متعلق انتہائی ضروری امور کی تکمیل ہو، جیسےقصاص کو شریعت نے لازم قرار دیا ہےتاکہ قتل ناحق نہ ہو اورآئندہ...
The changes and evolutions in human experience can resolve the problems. Islam doesn't have narrow view regarding human life, rather removes obstacles in its way to development. Ijtihad has played a vital role to bring compatibility between society and Islamic law, its expansion, development, and changing needs of society. This principle has provided solution to various political, social economic and cultural problems during the period of the Prophet Muhammad (SAW). The Prophet Muhammad (SAW) himself, many times, practiced Ijtihad regarding matters raised in newly established Islamic state and the Ummah. Many of the decisions were ratified and revised by Him as well. These decisions were according to the need of time either, political, social, economic or moral. These decisions prove the importance of ijtihad as a principle of movement and also the legislative and explanatory status for the future.
Analytic solutions and behavior of squeezing flow of Newtonian fluid under the influence of magnetic field in porous medium channel squeezed between two infinite parallel plates are studied. Slip and no-slip effects at the boundariesaretakenintoaccount. VariousanalytictechniqueslikeOptimalHomotopy Asymptotic Method (OHAM), Daftardar Jaffari Method (DJM), Homotopy Perturbation Method (HPM) and Homotopy Analysis Method (HAM) are used to derive velocity profile of fluid flow. Using the idea of residual and absolute residual, efficiency of each scheme is established. Comparative studyoftheseschemesshowsthatHAMisconsistentthroughoutthedomain under consideration. The effect of various parameters on fluid flow, like Reynolds and Hartmann numbers, imposed magnetic effect inside the fluid, electrical conductivity, slip parameter, distance between the plates and velocity of the plates, is also studied in this thesis. It is observed that by decreasing Hartmann and Reynolds numbers together, the velocity of fluid decreases for fixed value of slip parameter γ. By increasing Reynold and Hartmann numbers and decreasing the slip paramenter γ, velocity of fluid decreases. In the absence of slip parameter, velocity of fluid decreases with the increase of m, R and the distance between plates L. The influence of imposed magnetic field Bo and electric conductivityσ are inversely proportional to velocity of fluid.