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Home > Development, Characterization and Non-Invasive in Vivo Evaluation of Cosmetic Emulgels Loaded With Strawberry, Blackberry and Raspberry Fruit Extracts

Development, Characterization and Non-Invasive in Vivo Evaluation of Cosmetic Emulgels Loaded With Strawberry, Blackberry and Raspberry Fruit Extracts

Thesis Info

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Author

Kausar, Rizwana

Program

PhD

Institute

The Islamia University of Bahawalpur

City

Bahawalpur

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2017

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Pharmaceutics

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/12975/1/Rizwana_Kousar_Pharmaceutics_2017_IUB_PRR.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676725895214

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In recent era plant derived antioxidants have gained vital importance to cure various skin disorders such as, acne, hyper-pigmentation, inflammation, aging and dry skin. As synthetic antioxidants have many adverse effects, the current study aimed to develop and stabilizes a carrier system in the form of topical oil-in-water emulgels; loaded with various fruit extracts i.e. Strawberry, Blackberry and Raspberry; their in-vitro characterization and in-vivo evaluation on human volunteer‘s facial skin. Fruit extracts of Strawberry, Blackberry and Raspberry were effectively prepared. Free radical scavenging activities of three fruit extracts were determined by DPPH assay. Total flavonoids and phenolic contents of these extracts were also determined quantitatively. Stable antioxidant emulgels; E1 (Strawberry), E2 (Blackberry) and E3 (Raspberry); of oil-in-water type were formulated by using an appropriate combination of oily and aqueous phases loaded with fresh fruit extracts (4%) of Strawberry, Raspberry and (5%) of Blackberry and Base without extract. In-vitro characterization was based to observe the changes in physical stability (liquefaction, colour, conductivity, pH, SPF, centrifugation and rheological parameters) of all these active formulations and base which were kept at four different storage temperatures i.e. 8°C, 25°C, 40°C and 40°C+75%RH for a time period of 12 weeks to assess stability characteristics as per criteria of stability guidelines. In-vivo characteristics was based to evaluate the effects of active formulations (E1, E2, E3) on various skin parameters such as melanin, erythema, moisture contents, sebum contents, elasticity and surface evaluation of living skin (SELS) parameters on facial skin of human female volunteers for study period of 12 weeks. The study was controlled, single blinded with three groups (E1, E2, E3) having 13 volunteers each. Statistical tools of ANOVA technique at 5% level of significance and paired sample t-test were used to evaluate the results obtained. Antioxidant activities of Strawberry, Blackberry and Raspberry were 85%, 80% and 87% respectively. Active formulations (E1, E2, E3) containing fruit extracts 4%, 5% and 4% respectively as well as Base showed good pH, stability, conductivity, SPF and rheology, for three months in-vitro investigational period. Active formulations E1, E2 and E3 showed significant (P < 0.05) effects while Base showed insignificant (P > 0.05) changes in decrease of skin melanin, erythema and sebum while an increase in skin moisture content. Active formulations showed significant effects on SELS i.e. SEr (skin roughness), SEsc (skin scaliness), SEsm (skin smoothness) and SEw (skin wrinkles) parameters in comparison to base. SELS (SEr, SEsc and SEw) depicted significant decrease while SEsm (skin smoothness) showed significant increase after topical application of active formulations (E1, E2, and E3) in comparison to base. It can be concluded that final formula was appropriate for developing stable antioxidant emulgels E1, E2 and E3 containing fruit extracts of strawberry, blackberry and raspberry respectively; which remain cost effective and safe to use for human skin, improving patient compliance.
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Consumer Behavior means behavior of consumers about buying goods and services in the market. Consumer behavior entails all activities associated with the purchase, use and disposal of goods and services, including the consumer emotional, mental and behavioral responses that precede or follow these activities. The following article discusses consumer behavior in the light of Islamic ethics, and explains different aspects of consumer behavior according to Islamic moral values and also given suggestions to consumers and marketers to adopt Islamic buying and selling behavior, which is beneficial not only for individual but also to human as a whole. The consumer behavior in the modern capitalist economy plays very important role, not only in consumption but also in the production and services.

Inheritance of Phytic Acid and Other Agronomic Traits in Bread Wheat

Phytic acid (Myo-inositol 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 hexa-kisphophate) is a storage form of phosphorus and can accumulate to levels as high as 35% in the wheat kernel. Phytic acid acts as an anti-nutritional macromolecule (anti-nutrient) in the wheat kernel. Due to its inhibitory role, a high concentration of phytic acid is undesirable as it hinders the bioavailability of some essential nutrients such as Fe, Mg, Ca, Zn and Cu, etc. To see the inheritance of phytic acid in wheat, phytic acid concentration was initially determined in kernels of 10 wheat genotypes to identify two contrasting genetic groups for diallel analysis. Based on pre-screening results of 10 wheat genotypes, five wheat genotypes (3 with high and 2 with low phytic acid concentration) were crossed in all possible combinations during 2007-08 to generate a 5 × 5 full diallel set for studying the inheritance of phytic acid and other agronomic traits. All 20 F1 hybrids and five parental genotypes were planted using a completely randomized block design with 3 replications during 2008- 09 at Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Agricultural University, Peshawar. Variance analysis for all traits revealed significant differences, providing justification for diallel analysis. According to Hotelling’s t2 test and regression analysis, the model of additive-dominance was adequate for phytic acid, plant height, flag leaf area, tillers plant-1, grains spike-1, biological yield; partially adequate for days to heading, grain filling duration, spikelets spike-1,1000- grain weight, grain yield, harvest index and inadequate for plant maturity. Values of D greater than H1 and H2 for flag leaf area and plant height indicated their additive nature, whereas values of D less than H1 and H2 for grain filling duration, grains spike-1, 1000- grain weight, tillers plant-1, spike length, biological yield, grain yield, harvest index and phytic acid concentration accounted for non-additive control of these traits. The same results were confirmed by average degree of dominance calculations. The narrow and broad sense heritability estimates varied widely among traits - days to heading (0.07, 0.32), flag leaf area (0.31, 0.55), grain filling duration (0.24, 0.91), plant height (0.12, 0.28), spike length (0.17, 0.62), spikelets spike-1 (0.35, 0.74), tillers plant-1 (0.05, 0.52), grains spike-1 (0.05, 0.68), 1000-grain weight (0.25, 0.68), biological yield (0.10, 0.89), grain yield (0.13, 0.98), harvest index (0.09, 0.64) and phytic acid concentration (0.01, 0.86). The values for phytic acid concentration ranged from 0.56 to 3.43% among F1 hybrids and 1.06 to 3.67% for parental genotypes. The following F1 hybrids, Ps-2005 × Ghaznavi (0.56%), AUP-4006 × Ps-2004 (0.74%), Janbaz × Ps-2004 (0.89%) and Janbaz × Ps-2005 (1.01%), had the lowest concentration of phytic acid. This research confirms that F1 hybrids with low phytic acid concentration could yield desirable segregants.