The main purpose of this research work was to optimize the production of urate oxidase through mutagensis of Bacillus subtilis. The organism was subjected to ultra violet irradiation and chemical mutagenesis. Ethyle methane sulfonate treated B. subtilis (180 minutes) was proved to be the best for optimum production of urate oxidase by 3 log kill/survival curve. Fermentation medium was also optimized, it was found that substrate concentration (0.5%), fermentation period (36 h), pH (8.5), temperature (35 oC), yeast extract (0.3%) and sucrose (2%) enhanced the activity of the parent and mutant derived enzyme. The enzyme was purified by adopting different techniques i.e ammonium sulfate precipitation, ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography. It was observed that mutated enzyme exhibited 97.56 U/mg specific activity with 256.73 fold improvement. The purified urate oxidase was run on SDS-PAGE which determined a single band with molecular weight of 34 kDa. The purified BSM-2 possessed Km and V max value 0.067 M and 133.3 IU mg-1 min-1 respectively. The optimum pH and temperature for catalytic activity were 7.5 and 35oC respectively. The activation energy for formation of ES complex was 43.4 kJ/mol. Enthalpy (ΔH*), entropy of activation and Gibbs free energy demands for urate oxidase inactivation were 30.26 kJ/mol, -106.27 J mol-1 K-1, 62.99 kJ/mol respectively. Barium chloride, potassium cyanide and zinc sulfate decreased the activity of the enzyme. Whereas, sodium chloride (0.6M), potassium chloride (0.4M) and calcium chloride (0.4M) enhanced the enzymatic activity 123%, 117% and 119% respectively.
پاکستان میں مذہبی سیاست کا موجودہ انداز بھی حدود و قصاص قوانین نفاذ کے راستہ میں ایک بہت بڑی رکاوٹ ہے۔ ہمارے ملک میں لوگوں نے جب سے مذہب کو سیاست کی بنیاد بنایا ہے ۔ اس وقت سے یہاں مذہبی فرقوں کی بنیاد پر سیاسی پارٹیاں وجود میں آگئی ہیں ۔ جوں جوں یہ سیاسی پارٹیاں انتخابی میدان میں سرگرم ہوتی جاتی ہیں، ملک میں فرقہ وارانہ تنازعات کی شدت میں اضافہ ہوتا جاتا ہے۔ فرقہ وارانہ تنازعات کی شدت میں اسلام کے عمومی مقاصد پس پشت چلے جاتے ہیں اور جزوی اور فروعی اختلافات اہمیت اختیار کر لیتے ہیں۔ مزید برآں جب مذہب کی بنیاد پر لوگ انتخابی میدان میں آتے ہیں تو اس کا پہلا نتیجہ یہ نکلتا ہے کہ اسلام ایک اختلافی مسئلہ بن جاتا ہے۔ ممکن ہے بعض اہل علم اس رائے سے اختلاف کریں، لیکن گذشتہ پچھتر سال کا تجر بہ یہی بتاتا ہے کہ جب تک پاکستان میں مذہبی اور فرقہ وارانہ اپیل کی بنیاد پر ووٹ لینے والی سیاسی پارٹیاں موجود ہیں اور مذہب کے نام پر فرقہ وارانہ سیاست ہو رہی ہے ، تب تک ان قوانین پر عمل درآمد ممکن نہیں۔ کمال کی بات تو یہ ہے کہ جب تک پاکستان کی نون لیگ ،تحریک انصاف پارٹی اور دیگر سیاسی پارٹیوں کے قائدین اپنی تقاریر میں مذہبی ٹچ نہ دیں ۔ اس وقت تک ان کی تقاریر پھیکی رہتی ہیں ۔ چنانچہ جب تک اس طرح کی فضا سیاست کے میدان میں رہے گی، اس وقت تک پاکستان میں اسلام کے نفاذ کے راستے میں کوئی بڑی اور مثبت پیش قدمی نہیں ہو سکتی۔
Islamic history reveals that Muslim rulers had taken keen interest to establish educational institutions during their rule. To keep going on this legacy of the Muslim rulers, various governments in Pakistan, since its creation, has announced a number of educational policies. Besides suggestions for Islamic education, a concept of Model Madaris at federal level was introduced for the first time during Musharraf’s regime [1999-2008]. Ministry of Religious Affairs (MORA) was made responsible to develop the curriculum for these Madaris from middle to master levels; however, as per constitution the Education Act 1976, it is the responsibility of Curriculum Wing, Ministry of Education to develop the curriculum up to higher secondary level with pre-framed objectives. While at graduate and post graduate level, it is the responsibility of the universities to develop curriculum through their statutory bodies i.e. Board of Studies, Board of Faculty and Academic Council as per guide lines set by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan. This study is an effort to explore the main objectives of Model Madaris curriculum. Moreover, it will be cross checked with course contents from middle to bachelor levels and policy suggestions will be directed that how these objectives and course contents can be amalgamated in one line.
Pakistan is an energy deficient country, where a large fraction of the population still does not have access to modern day energy services such as electricity. This is due to very limited fossil fuel resources and poor economy, which restrains the import of fossil fuels on a large scale. To overcome energy shortage, Pakistan needs to develop its indigenous energy resources like hydropower, solar and wind. Pakistan lies in an area of one of the highest solar insulation in the world. This vast potential can be exploited to produce electricity, which could be provided to off-grid communities in the northern hilly areas and the southern and western deserts. Applications other than electricity production such as solar water heaters and solar cookers have also vast applications. All this will help in both reducing the import of fossil fuels and dependency of people on fuel wood, which in turn will provide some respite for the dwindling forest reserves of Pakistan. Accordingly, the status and outlook of solar energy use in Pakistan is discussed. In addition, the role of Rand D organizations in the promotion of solar energy technologies in Pakistan is also presented including a description of some proposed projects. It is concluded that the current infrastructure has not been able to advance the status of solar energy in Pakistan. Significant efforts are needed to effectively utilize this cheap renewable energy source. Solar power is a term that refers to several alternative sources of energy by which sun-light is harnessed to do useful work for mankind. People know that it is energy since the same alone implies this but man people think it is expensive and not a preferred method of producing energy. We need to find out how cost effective it is how useful solar power technologies involves the use of photovoltaic cells. Which is true to their name (Photo-light, Voltaic-electricity), converts sunlight directly when light strikes the photovoltaic cell. When the energy breaks the bound between electrons and the semiconductor atoms this allows the electrons to flow freely. Photovoltaic cells can have one or many electric fields that force electrons to glow in a certain direction. The glow on electrons is called current and by placing metal contacts on top and bottom of the photovoltaic cell, we can then use that current externally. “HOW SOLAR CELL WORK” it is the development of photovoltaic cell started by Becquerels discovery in 1839. The system and devices are developed during this work will prevent CO2, CO, NO and SO2 from entering the atmosphere and there by keeping the atmosphere clean from poisonous affects of these gases and harmful. In the absence of Carbon Dioxide in the solar energy usage is helpful in eliminating green house effect. The main and important point of solar electricity is that it is free from pollution.