This dissertation communicates the results of scientific endeavour regarding the distribution pattern and conservation status of endemic plants of Pakistan distributed in Hazara region (about 20,000 Km2 area) of Northern Pakistan. The study provides a scientific database for developing conservation strategies for threatened endemic taxa of the area. The endemic taxa were determined through a survey of the available literature and herbarium specimens. Organized field surveys were performed during the years 2011-2014 for recording the ground realities and monitoring stations for the taxa conecerned. Actual and potential areas of the distribution of a taxa were thoroughly investigated and locations were georeferenced along the complete field data. Sample of each taxon was properly tagged, identified and preserved. The marked localities were repeatedly surveyed for monitoring fluctuations and decline in a population. Distribution patterns, ecological niche and potential habitats were analysed using Species Distribution Model, Maxent. Twenty Four topoclimatic variables including geology and land cover were used as predictor variables. Distribution of floral associates of endemic taxa were analysed using Twinspan and Nonmetric Detrended Scaling (NMDS). Statistical analyses of predicted habitat maps and floral associates were performed using statistical packages in R. Conservation status of the endemic taxa was determined following IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (2001, 2012) and guidelines for regional application. Habitat loss was estimated by analysing sixteen days MODIS time series images of thirteen years i.e. 2001-2013, using GIS program IDRISI Selva. Hot spots were identified by calculating the sum of all prediction maps using raster calculator in Arc GIS. Analyses of the generated data revealed that viii endemics were distributed among 28 families 51 genera and 71 species. Boraginaceae and Ranunculaceae were richest families each with 8 endemic taxa followed by Rosaceae (5), Apiaceae (4) and Gentianaceae (4). Genus Pseudomertensia was the largest genus having 8 endemic taxa. Dominant life form among endemics was hemicryptophyte (60) followed phenarphyte (8) and therophyte (2). Highest number were herbs (63) followed by shrubs (7) and trees (1). Maxent AUC range was lying within excellent range (0.92-0.98). Among topographic factors geology was proved to be highly influencial factor affecting the distribution of 39 taxa followed by elevation (28) and land cover (27). Among climatic factors, precipiation of the coldest months was highest dominating factor affecting 31 taxa followed by Mean Diurnal Range (26), mean temperature of the coldest months, temperature annual range (9) and precipitation seasonality (9). While analysing the distribtuon pattern along elevational gradient, highest endemic taxa were found between mid ranges (2000m and 3500m) and lower number was noted at extreme upper and lower ranges. Among the land cover types, highest number of endemics were found in dense temperate mixed forests and dense temperate coniferous forests while least number was found in temperate sparse coniferous forests and subtropical scrub forests and wetlands. With respect to administrative divisions, Mansehra District contained highest endemics followed by Batagram and Kohistan. Among geological classes highest taxa were distrbuted in Proterozoic metaclastic and metasedimentry rocks followed by Proterozoic Cambrian Quartizite and Mezozoic Metasedimentry rocks. Endemic associates were broadly classified into five communities i.e Oxalis-Adiantum-Cymbopogon community, Justicia-Acacia-Cymbopogon community, Trifolium-Pinus-Viburnum community, Valeriana-Salix-Abies community and Poa-Kobresia-Pseudonaphalium community. NDVI revealed that habitat loss was occurring at alaroming rate with 18.3% agricultural extenstion and reduction of forest at 14.7%. Conservation status of endemics revealed that large number of endemics were confined to small geographic ranges with few populations facing multiple threats. The IUCN criteria placed Androsace hazarica, Arabidopsis taraxacifolia, Bupleurum nigrescence, Microsisymbrium falccidum and Neottia inayattii were assigned in Extinct (EX) category, Artemisia amydalina as regionally extinct (RE), Thalictrum secundum ssp. hazaricum and Jasminum leptophyllum as Critically Endangered (CR) at global level and Meconopsis aculeata as Critically Endangered at regional level. Forty taxa got the status of Endangered and 15 were Vulnerable at regional level. Five of the locations were identified as endemic rich areas. It was concluded that endemics were habitat specific and were exposed to a number of threats. Protection of selected sites, restoration of species specific area, recovery of the threatened gene pools and rehabilitation of associated areas needs to be worked out for effective conservation of the endemic plants of the region.
امتیاز اوجھلؔ امتیاز اوجھلؔ (۱۹۴۲ئ۔۲۰۱۱ئ) کا اصل نام رحمت علی اور اوجھلؔ تخلص کرتے تھے۔ وہ کوٹلی لوہاراں ضلع سیالکوٹ میں پیدا ہوئے۔ آپ ساحرؔ، عدمؔ ،جوشؔ اور فیضؔ سے بہت متاثر ہیں۔ ان کے کلام میں چاروں شعراکا رنگ اور اسلوب نظر آتا ہے۔ ان کا ابتدائی شعری کلام ماہنامہ’’گلِ رو‘‘ کراچی میں شائع ہوا۔ آپ ترقی پسند تحریک سے بھی منسلک رہے۔ (۹۳۳) ان کا پہلا شعری مجموعہ ’’نویدِ سحر‘‘ ۱۹۹۵ء میں شائع ہوا۔ دوسرا شعری مجموعہ ’’اجاڑ جنگل اداس موسم‘‘ ادارہ تخلیقات لاہور نے ۱۹۹۹ء میں شائع کیا ۔ تین شعری مجموعوں کے مسودے راقم الحروف نے انٹر ویو کے دوران ان کے پاس دیکھے جن کے نام ان دنوں زیر غور تھے۔ امتیاز اوجھلؔ غزل کے شاعر ہیں لیکن انھوں نے دیگر اصناف سخن میں طبع آزمائی بھی کی ہے۔ امتیاز انقلابی اور مزاحمتی شاعر ہیں۔ ان کی شاعری میں قدیم روایات سے بغاوت نظر آتی ہے۔ روشن خیالی کا اچھوتا پن ان کی شاعری میں بدرجہ اتم موجود ہے ان کی شاعری میں فکری گہرائی، حیاتِ تازہ کی طرف بلانے والی رہنمائی ،ہوش و خرد میں لپٹے ہوئے جذبوں کا والہانہ اظہار اور فرسودہ معاشرتی طرزِ زندگی پر ایک تعمیری ،مـثبت اور تنقیدی تبصرہ ملتا ہے جو تاریک اور خاموش سناٹوں میں لہراتی ہوئی روشنی کی گونج دار لکیر کی طرح اپنے وجود کا منظر پیش کرتا ہے۔آپ لفظوں کی نئی نئی ترکیبیں ،بندشیں اور استعارے اپنے من چاہے روپ میں ترتیب دیتے ہیں۔ فکری شاعری میں فلسفہ اور جدید سائنس کے متعلقہ پہلوئوں کو نظم کرنا خاصا مشکل مرحلہ لگتا ہے۔ اس کوشش میں امتیازاوجھلؔ کی یہ کوشش اردو شاعری میں ایک قیمتی اور درخشندہ اضافہ سے کم نہیں۔وہ جدید فلسفے کاایک اہم اور مشکل موضوع جدلیاتی مادیت اپنی شاعری میں بڑے خوبصورت انداز میں نظم کرتے ہیں۔ نمونے کے...
Studies regarding the prevalence of CLABSIs in Pakistan are limited. However, it is known that healthcare-associated infections are a concern in many low- and middle-income countries, including Pakistan. The present study is aimed to identify the relative risk of developing CLABSIs in the hospital care setups of Pakistan. The risk of biases in included studies was assessed using Cochrane tool parameters. Analysis of results revealed a relative risk of getting CLABSIs is 1.78 (p<0.001) among patients admitted in the hospitals for greater than 72 hours. This shows that the chances of getting infected at the central line site were more than 50% among patients admitted to ICUs in Pakistan. It has been concluded that the relative risk of CLABSIs in the integrated healthcare system of Pakistan is high. DOI: https: //doi. Org/10.59564/amrj/01.01/003
A fairly exhaustive survey of morphological characters on the material from Pakistan, India and from several other sites in Asia, have revealed that the morphological variability of the species in Pakistan falls within that of Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley, and it is recommended that, until the DNA studies currently being undertaken in the United States are completed, the name P. solenopsis Tinsley(Sternorryncha: Pseudococcidae)should be used for this pest. It is an aerial pest and passes all of its life cycle on aerial parts of the host plats, on tender shoots, leaves, flower buds and even on stem. It has been noted to reproduce sexually. Its mode of reproduction is ovoviviparous ie. it retains the eggs in the body until they are ready to hatch. Number of crawlers is variable and depends upon source of food and environmental conditions. Its life cycle is variable with response to changing environmental conditions, availability of preferred host and its physical health. It is dimorphic insect having a winged male and wingless female. The crawlers can be identified for their sex with a very careful examination under microscope but after second instar the male can be identified with naked eye as the female moults into 3 rd instar whereas, males transforms into prepupa. It is most active earlier instars and most of the dispersal occurs through initial instars. The number of eggs developing in one female is variable depending upon the type of the host plant. Newly emerged crawlers are capable of moving and feeding freely. The newly crawler are tiny (0.5 mm) and relatively transparent, therefore they can hardly be observed with an overview except a careful observation. In 1-2 days size is increased and wax is deposited on the body which increases its visibility. It has been recorded on 55 host plants in 18 families. In addition to cotton tract it has also been recorded in other districts. It has been observed in 20 districts of Punjab, 14 districts of Sindh, one district each from NWFP and Baluchistan, in 6 out of 10 agro ecological zones of Pakistan. These districts have been confirmed by the author, still there are some districts and localities which are prone to the occurrence of this pest. This pest can find a large number of alternate host plants in agro ecological conditions of Pakistan. A number of beneficial insects and spiders have been observed feeding on the pest but these are xviiiwiped out by the indiscriminate spraying process adopted to protect the crops. Relative resistance of the present 10 cotton cultivars shows that they are nearly equal in their response towards infestation of cotton mealy bug Psolenopsis none of them is resistant to this pest. The relative efficacy of the insecticides shows that the pesticides used fall in the following sequence after 72 hours of the application; Methidathion> Profenophos > Methomyl > Imidacloprid > Carbosulfon > Bifenthrin > Acetameprid > Fenpropathrin >Buprofezin > Control. Any how for safety to benificials the sequence was reverse ie., Control> buprofezin> Imidacloprid> Methomyl> Fenpropathrin > Bifenthrin> Acetameprid> Profenophos> Methidathion. The research trial for optimum quantity of spray volume showed that 100 & 120 liters water used in one acre (43560 sq ft) was the optimum volume, more than this was also good but less than this volume resulted in low control as there was no proper coverage of the spray material on the target pest and the pest escaped and resulted in build up of population again. Similarly,it was revealed that there is no additional effect of the additives like detergent, vegetable oil and mineral oil in the spray material, which were recommended as hit and trial from various agencies and persons, rather it affected the plant health so it should be avoided.