Extensive field surveys were conducted to collect Pierid butterflies and their host plant flora from all districts (Jhelum, Rawalpindi, Chakwal, Attock, and Islamabad) of Potohar region of Punjab Pakistan during January 2012 – February 2015. A total of 1839 specimens belonging to 19 species were identified under two subfamilies and ten genera. The identified species were Catopsilia pyranthe, C. crocale, C. pomona, Gonepteryx mahaguru, G.rhamni, Colias fieldii, C. erate, Eurema laeta, E. hecbae, Delias eucharis, Pontia daplidice, Belenois aurota, Pieris rapae, P. canidia, P. brassicae, Ixias pyrene, Colotis amata, C. etrida, and C. protactus. Among these, eight (08) species; Delias eucharis, Belenois aurota, Pieris rapae, Colotis amata, C. etrida, Gonepteryx mahaguru,G.rhamni and Colias erate were reported for the first time from Potohar region. The current study as being first biogeograhical study from Potohar region recognizes the elements from all biogeographical regions of the world. However, the Afrotropical and the Aust- oriental elements remain dominant. Among reported host plants, 21 species of 15 plants [Capparis aphylla, (family Capparaceae), Cassia fistula, Sesbania grandiflora (family Fabaceae), Salvadora oleoide (family Salvadoraceae), Loranthus longiflorus, Scurrula pulverulenta, (family Loranthaceae), Rhamnus triquetra, R. purpurea (family Rhamnaceae), Brassica napus, B. oleraceae, B. oleraceae var. italica, B. campestris, B. officinalis, Raphanus sativus, Eruca sativa (family Cruciferae)] are new records for Pakistan, However six (06) host plants [Lepidium pinnatifidium, Coronopus didymus, Arabidopsis thaliana (family Cruciferae), Cassia occidentalis, Medicago sativa, and Melilotus officinalis (family Fabacae)] are new addition to world''s host plant list of Pierids fauna. GIS map distribution of all the butterflies along with their host plants is provided for the first time from pakistan.Taxonomic keys for subfamilies, genera and species were also prepared. From the study area, the complete list of host plants of family Pieridae up to species level has been provided first time. In the present study, relative abundance and percentage of different butterflies were found in each district. In district Jhelum, Pieris brassicae showed highest relative abundance (0.18) and percentage (18.12), with its host plant Brassica oleraceae (0.25) and percentage (25) respectively. In district Rawalpindi, xvii Pontia daplidice showed highest relative abundance (0.20) and percentage (20.05) with its host plant Lepidium pinnatifidium (0.28) and percentage (28). In the districts Attock and Chakwal, Catopsilia pomona showed highest relative abundance (0.19) and percentage (18.99) with host plant Coronopus didymus (0.38) and percentage (38) and Lepidium pinnatifidium, Brassica napus, Brassica compestris (0.16) and percentage (16). In district Islamabad, Pieris canidia showed highest relative abundance (0.23) and percentage (23.22) with its host plant Coronopus didymus (0.28) and percentage (28). Diversity of Pierids butterflies and their host plants was calculated by using five diversity indices namely; Simpson, Shannon, Evenness, Menhinick, Margalef and Equitability. The values from five districts of Potohar region were within suitable range of Simpson index i.e. between 0.8-0.9 for butterflies species and host plant which shows their stable community in the region. However, Shannon and Weiner values of five districts revealed that Potohar region has rich host plant flora and butterfly fauna with even distribution as most of values were between 1.8 and 2.4. In Potohar region, the values of evenness index ranges between 0.5-0.8 which shows even distribution of butterfly''s species and host plants in the region. The overall calculated values of Menhinick index of butterfly''s species were between 0.5- 0.7 which showed high diversity of butterfly''s species and host plants within the region. The Margalef and equitable index values showed high species richness for butterflies and host plants in the region. Highest species richness were recorded in Rawalpindi and Islamabad districts (2.336-2.023) and comparatively low species richness were recorded in district Attock (1.516) and for the host plants highest specie richness were recorded in the same 2 districts i.e. 1.83 and in Rawalpindi and Islamabad.
مولانا حیدر علی نظمؔ طباطبائی نظام دکن کی مجلس میں فرماں روایان اودھ کی بزم دوشیں کا ایک ٹمٹماتا چراغ مدت سے جل رہا تھا، افسوس کہ وہ ۳؍ مئی ۱۹۳۳ء کی شب کو چمنستان روزگار کی بیاسی بہاریں دیکھ کر ہمیشہ کے لئے خاموش ہوگیا، مولانا حیدر علی نظمؔ طباطبائی لکھنوی المخاطب بہ نواب حیدریار جنگ بہادر نے بیاسی سال کی عمر میں وفات پائی، لکھنؤ وطن تھا، اخیرشاہ اودھ کے دربار کی خزاں دیکھی تھی، مٹیا برج کلکتہ کی شاعرانہ مجلسوں کی یادگار تھے، علوم عربیہ کے علاوہ شعرو سخن کے فنون پر کامل عبور رکھتے تھے، اس عمر کے باوجود اخیر تک علمی کاموں میں مصروف و منہمک رہے، شرح غالب اور بعض رسائل و مقالات یادگار ہیں، اﷲ تعالیٰ کرم فرمائے۔ حیدرآباد دکن کے سفر میں اخیر وقت میں ان سے ملنے کا اتفاق ہوا تھا۔ (سید سلیمان ندوی، جولائی ۱۹۳۳ء)
When looking at the history of every human civilization, one may find some people or places that go down in history, and their biography does not disappear until God inherits the land and those on it. One of these places is the city of Jerusalem, a city where no two differ on its importance. A city that is home for sanctuaries, history, and monuments and every inch speaks of its greatness. Especially in the history of Islam, which linked it wonderfully to the Qibla of Muslims (the Sacred Mosque) after it was the first Qibla in the history of Islam. This high standing link was perpetuated by the Holy Qur’an in Surat Al-Isra and in many other places. This research has shown its importance to Muslims, the reason Muslims love it and their dedication to defending every single grain of its sand, and how did the esteemed Companions view it? This research spoke about some of the aspects that are related to the personality of our master Omar bin Al-Khattab, may God be pleased with him, (which are the psychological and educational aspects) while looking at the importance of Jerusalem to him, may God be pleased with him, which existed since pre-Islamic time and how it extended to the time of Islam and has emerged during his caliphate, may God be pleased with him.
Biochemical changes in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and healthy pregnant women (HPW) were studied. 103 GDM women and 97 HPW were selected and registered for the study from the admitted pregnant women of Gynea Ward of Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar. Sociodemographic and other pregnancy related information, including monthly-income, age, body mass index (BMI), parity, previous history of gestational diabetes and family history of diabetes, were collected on a well-designed questionnaire. Fasting blood sugar (FBS), random blood sugar (RBS), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), hemoglobin (Hb), platelet count (PC), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), liver function tests namely alanine amino transferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), serum bilirubin, renal function tests namely urea, creatinine, and hormones like insulin, prolactin, cortisol, triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxin (T4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) were determined by standard procedures using recommended kit for each procedure. The data were statistically analyzed using computer software, SPSS version 10. The mean monthly income of GDM and HPW was Rs.30845 ± 11107 vs Rs.28360 ± 11511, mean age was 34.01 ± 4.54 years vs 30.30 ± 5.86 years, mean BMI was 28.07 ± 2.90 kg/m 2 vs 27.30 ± 1.94 kg/ m 2 , mean parity was 5.44 ± 2.49 vs 4.95 ± 2.43, mean systolic BP was 114.80 ± 17.14 mm Hg vs 107.70 ± 19.40 mm Hg and mean diastolic BP was 86.50 ± 7.48 mm Hg vs 80.70 ± 10.02 mm Hg respectively. Age, BMI, systolic and diastolic BP was significantly higher (P<0.05) according to Pearson Chi- square test in GDM women as vicompared to HPW. The mean FBS, RBS and HbA1c of GDM women and HPW were 111.69 ± 8.70 mg/dL vs 86.59 ± 6.91, 145.45 ± 6.62 mg/dL vs 123.52 ± 9.37mg/dL and 6.58 ± 1.30 vs 4.95 ± 0.45 respectively. The FBS, RBS and HbA1c of GDM women were significantly higher than the HPW (P<0.001). The mean Hb concentration and PC of GDM women and HPW were 10.98 ± 1.12% vs 11.01 ± 1.03% and 226.31 thousand/mL vs 228.14 ± 37.61 thousand/mL. In lipid profile TC and TG of GDM group were significantly higher than the contol group (P<0.01). The mean TC of GDM and HPW was 206.01 ± 18.79 mg/dL vs 195.01 ± 24.15 mg/dL, TG was 190.12 ± 19.83 mg/dL vs 172.13 ± 21.66 mg/dL, HDL-C was 55.21 ± 8.20 mg/dL vs 56.20 ± 8.82 mg/dL and LDL-C was 93.13 ± 18.71 mg/dL vs 88.10 ± 16.36 mg/dL respectively. Liver and renal function tests of GDM women were not significantly different (P<0.05) from HPW. In liver function tests the mean ALT, ALP and serum bilirubin values of GDM women were 30.21 ± 12.47 U/L, 190.55 ± 22.20 U/L, 0.67 ± 0.41 mg/dL while of HPW were 29.64 ± 7.96 U/L, 189.95 ± 21.28 U/L, 0.58 ± 0.17 mg/dL respectively. In renal function tests the mean serum urea and serum creatinine values of GDM women were 23.70 ± 8.54 mg/dL and 0.82 ± 0.32 mg/dL while of HPW were 21.97 ± 6.16 mg/dL and 0.74 ± 0.15 mg/dL respectively. The mean insulin level of GDM women were 33.68 ± 3.69 μIU/mL, which was significantly higher (P<0.01) than the mean insulin level of HPW (29.80 ± 2.80 μIU/mL ). Among placental hormones the mean prolactin values of GDM women and HPW were 135.47 ± 9.83 ng/mL vs 131.80 ± 8.54 ng/mL and mean serum cortisol values were 734.9 ± 51.1 ng/mL vs 719.2 ± 54.7 ng/mL. The mean serum prolactin and serum cortisol values of GDM women were significantly higher (P< 0.05) when compared to HPW. No significant differences were viiobserved in the concentration of thyroid hormones. The mean TSH values of GDM and HPW were 1.72 ± 0.95 mlU/L vs 1.87 ± 0.83 mlU/L, mean T 3 values were 2.51 ± 0.62 nmol/L vs 2.62 ± 0.57 nmol/L, mean T 4 values were 103. 86 ± 14.74 nmol/L vs 105.38 ± 13.93 nmol/L. Cesarean sections (P=0.009), still birth rate (P=0.003) and macrosomic babies (P=0.001) were significantly more in GDM group.