The plant family Lamiaceae (Mints) contains ca. 7173 species distributed among 273 genera worldwide. It has highly varied phenotypic characters. Many species are of horticultural and economic significance and most importantly the family represents a wealth of medicinaly important aromatic herbs e.g Lavandula (Lavender), Mentha (Mint), Origanum (Oregano, Marjoram), Salvia (Sage), Rosmarinus (Rosemary), Melissa (Lemon balm) and Thymus (Thyme). There are 60 genera and about 212 species of Lamiaceae reported from Pakistan. This is the first ever investigation from Pakistan based on DNA barcoding identification of herbal medicinal products (HMPs) of family Lamiaceae and its subsequent phylogenetic assessment based on DNA sequence analysis. The study is divided into three sections: DNA barcoding of HMPs belonging to Lamiaceae is conducted for their correct identification and to fix the problem of adulteration in the first section of present work. It can help in shielding consumers from the health hazards connected with the potential contamination and substitution of herbal medicinal products. HMPs representing 32 Lamiaceae plant samples were collected from three Pansar stores (herb stores) located at Islamabad and a herbal pharmaceutical industry. The extraction of total genomic DNA was carried out from these HMPs. Three plastid barcoding loci (rbcL, matK and trnH-psbA) were selected for PCR amplification and nucleotide sequencing was carried out. The comparison of DNA sequences obtained from these loci was carried out to ascertain the taxonomic identification of the plant material. We identified four mislabeled samples including one industry sample (Salvia haematodes) and three pansar store samples (Leucas linifolia, Lycopus europaeus and Salvia moorcroftiana II). Additionaly two product substitutions are also found in which Hyssopus officinalis is replaced by Nepeta bracteata and Nepeta ruderalis is substituted by Salvia spp. The identification of three HMPs (Lallemantia royleana, Origanum vulgare and Salvia aegyptiaca) is highly ambiguous because of lack of reference sequences available in GenBank. In Lamiaceae the overall amplification success for rbcL is 87% and for matK it is 81% while trnH-psbA showed 69%. Post sequencing analysis showed that trnH-psbA and matK have been able to discriminate the species relatively better with 40% success rate than rbcL (16%). On the whole a total of 22 sequences are genus-level barcodes (78%) and 12 sequences are species-level barcodes (44%). The nucleotide sequence data produced from the current study has been published in GenBank under the accession numbers KP172036-KP172082, KP218929- KP218945. We performed a comparative analysis of rbcL, matK and trnH-psbA to evaluate their performance for Lamiaceae barcoding. Our findings suggest matK as the potential barcode for Lamiaceae HMPs. The species-level identification was considerably challanging due to insufficient reference data and selection of plastid markers. Therefore, it is recommended for herbal pharmaceutical industries to develop a local (regional) herbal barcode library for their species of interest. The method of DNA barcoding can greatly assist the regulatory authorities and herbal industries to devise a mechanism for quality control and customer care. It can largely support the herbal pharmaceutical industries to restore the eroded consumer confidence. In second part of the study, phylogenetic utility of three barcoding regions (rbcL, matK & trnH-psbA) is estimated. The data sets were comprised of 245 rbcL ingroup taxa, 235 for matK and 259 for trnH-psbA. This sequence data was acquired from GenBank including the accessions produced in the first part of work. We found that among these three selected markers matK seems to be the best gene region which is able to resolve the subfamilies and provide strongly supported monophyletic genera. rbcL was not able to resolve the clades with a strong bootstrap (BS) support. It was difficult to align the spacer region trnH-psbA across the whole family; as a result it affected the tree topology and could not produce the well resolved clades of subfamilies. The third section of present work is the phylogenetic analysis based on plastid trnL-trnF and nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (nrITS) regions. A sum of 89 taxa was collected by visiting different wild areas and two herbaria of Pakistan. Additional publicly available data was downloaded from GenBank and the data sets were constructed. The data sets constitute 398 trnL-trnF taxa and 413 ITS ingroup taxa. The phylogenetic analyses were performed on the trnL-trnF and ITS data matrices by utilizing methods of ML (Maximum Likelihood) and BI (Bayesian Inference). We observed the Bayesian consensus trees showed more resolved nodes in comparison to ML consensus trees. The subfamilies received strong bootstrap values in the BI as compared to the ML results. In Pakistan’s Lamiaceae species, hybridization was observed, particularly evident in the nuclear ITS analysis. The analysis of taxa collected from Pakistan revealed that these species are undergoing possible radiation in place instead of dispersal. The taxonomic position of some species from Pakistan which were originally based on morphological characters did not corroborate with the findings of current molecular analysis. Therefore, it would be interesting to explore more plastid and nuclear loci with increased number of species for each group. Such approach will provide improved insight into relationships of mints from Pakistan. The intense studies more focused on each group (each subfamily) may draw a better picture of Pakistan’s Lamiaceae.
ارشاد ڈیروی کے فن و شخصیت کا اگر تحقیقی جائزہ لیا جائے ، تو اسی کی دہائی میں ’’ نین سوالی‘‘ لے کر1995ء میں ادبی منظر نامے پر نمودار ہوتا ہے، جس میں ان کے ڈوہڑے ، قطعے ، گیت اور ابتدائی دور کی غزلیں شامل ہیں، مگر یہ ابتدائی چیزیں اس بات کی غماز ہیں کہ:
’’دل طائر میں اڑنے کا ابھی امکان باقی ہے‘‘
’’نین سوالی ‘‘ کا چاہئے ڈوہڑا ہو یا گیت ، قطعہ ہو یا غزل امکانات سے بھرپور ہے، ارشاد ڈیروی ایک بااعتماد شاعر ہیں انھیں اپنے کام اور کلام پر مکمل یقین ہے، کلامِ شاعر یزبان شاعر مشاعرے اورسٹیج پہ سننے کا انھیں ایک اپنا لطف ہے۔
ارشاد ڈیروی کے مجموعہ ہائے کلام کے ناموں پر اگر غور کیا جائے تو ان کے تلازے اور علامتیں انھوں نے شعوری اور غیر شعوری طور پر استعمال کیے ہیںان کے پیچھے ایک ایک داستان مل سکتی ہے، شاعر کا الفاظ کا استعمال اگرچہ بظاہر غیر محسوس انداز ہی ہوتا ہے ، مگر
تیرگی میں دیکھنے کو چشمِ بینا چاہیے
ہر لفظ کی تہہ میں ایک بات ہوتی ہے، اور درحقیقت بات وہی ہوتی ہے ارشاد ڈیروی کی خصوصیت اور انفرادیت یہ ہے ، کہ وہ صرف شاعرہی نہیں یعنی خوابوں اور خیالوں کی دنیا میں رہنے والا ہی نہیں بلکہ ایک محنت کش بھی ہے، اور مزدور بھی جن کے بارے میں ملتا ہے، الکاسب حبیب اللہ یعنی محنتی اللہ کا دوست ہے۔ان کے’’نین سوالی ‘‘ لب ورخسار کا نہیں پوچھتے ، بلکہ دل دہلادینے والے حسرت زدہ سوالی نین ہیں، یہ وہی سوال ہیں جن کے بارے میں فیض احمد فیض نے کہا تھا!
Character-based education management aims to integrate everything, both personal, spiritual, attitudes and behaviors as well as material related to the achievement of educational goals. In the process, education of all the efforts of the people involved in the process of achieving these educational goals is then effectively integrated, organized and coordinated, and all materials needed, and existing ones are used efficiently. Character-based education management in schools can be as a basic knowledge that has its own characteristics that are different from other administrative sciences that lie in its operational principles, and not in general principles. Every activity in the education administration process is directed to achieve educational goals. In the management of character-based education, it is also necessary to have good coordination and supervision or supervision from the leadership. Keywords:
Pakistan’s national curriculum of English gives equal importance to all four communication skills (listening, speaking, reading and writing). However, literature (Alam, 2012; Farooq, 2013) and my personal experience reveal that in classroom teaching, speaking and listening skills are given less or no importance. One of the explanations for not teaching speaking skill is the extensive use of grammar translation method (GTM) as language teaching approach in Pakistani context. Due to an exclusive focus on grammar and translation in this method, the students learn grammar rules of English language but are unable to speak in the target language. On the other hand, communicative language teaching (CLT) has been suggested by many researchers and linguists (e.g. Chung, 2017; Hiep, 2007, & Whong, 2013) to be used for enhancing English speaking skill while equally developing other language skills. Considering the importance of CLT in language teaching, my interest to practice this language teaching approach in my context and the need of the focused school, I carried out this action research study which aimed at improving grade VIII students’ English speaking skills by using communicative language teaching in a private secondary school in the Ghizer district of Gilgit-Baltistan. To manage track of students’ progress throughout the study I focused on six purposively selected students. The data was collected through interview, classroom teaching observation and document analysis. The findings of the reconnaissance stage revealed that in the focused school, GTM was used to teach English as a subject. The reconnaissance stage also highlighted that the language classes were teacher-centered. Students were asked to rote memorize the grammar rules and had rare opportunity to speak or practice English speaking skill. Urdu was used as medium of instruction and the students and teachers were interacting through local languages. Hence, due to the above mentioned reasons the students’ English speaking proficiency was not up to the expectations of their grade level. On the basis of the reconnaissance stage findings I planned to improve the students’ English speaking skills through CLT. I conducted three cycles with three lessons of 45 minutes in each cycles. I taught using group and pair work, presentations, discussions, sketch description, and games. These activities encouraged the students to speak in English without any fear of making mistakes. The findings revealed that the students’ fluency and confidence level improved to a certain level. They enhanced their vocabulary and the use of speech fillers and long