Antlions, a group of popular predatory insects, comes under the family Myrmeleontidae and the order Neuroptera. Both adults and larvae are predatory in nature. The proper identification of an organism is a key factor in understanding its biology. Due to their unique biology and mysterious living antlions generally remain under-explored. A large number of antlion species have been described from around world; still there is a lot of confusion in their taxonomy. In Pakistan, antlion fauna is not fully explored prior to this study only 28 species have been reported so far from the country. This study steps forward in exploration of Pakistan’s rich antlion faunal diversity. Still lot of it needs to be explored. This study improved the species number of Pakistan to 44. Which blong to 2 subfamilies 8 tribes and 20 genera. Subfamily Palparinae of Pakistan is represented with five genera and eight species. Species Palparellus astutus and Palpares rajasthanicus first time reportd from Pakistan. While Palpares trichogaster Navas, 1913 reinstate as valid species also P. cephalotes by Iqbal and Yousuf (1997) identified as junior synonym for the species. Genus Stenares Hagen, 1866 two species recorded Stenares hyaena clarus Navas, 1932 and Stenares improbus (Walker, 1853). Species S. improbus first time recorded from Pakistan. Author was not able to collect any specimen of genus Tomatares from Pakistan. Subfamily Myrmeleontinae is represented by seven tribes, eighteen genera and thirty five species. Tribe Acanthaclisini Navas, 1911 constitutes two genera Acanthaclisis and Centroclisis. Acanthaclisis obscura Hölzel, 1972 first time reported form Pakistan. Genus Centroclisis is represented by two species with one new species refered as Centroclisis thari.Tribe Dendroleontini Banks, 1912 is represented by one species Epacanthaclisis alaica first time recorded from Pakistan. In Tribe Nemoleontini Banks, 1911 represented by first time reported species Pseudoformicaleo gracilis. Tribe Neuroleontini Navas, 1912 with seven genera; genus Delfimeus Navas, 1912 monotypic Delfimeus intricatus. Genus Distoleon Banks, 1910 with four species Distoleon nefandus, Distoleon cyrus, Distoleon obducens and Distoleon tesselatus all four first reported from Pakistan Genus Ganguilus Navas, 1912 one species Ganguilus pulchellus (Banks, 1911). Genus Indoleon Banks (1913) presentdd with one species Indoleon vartianorum (Hölzel, 1972). Genus Neuroleon Navas, 1909 four species Neuroleon tenellus, Neuroleon (Ganussa) leptaleus, Neuroleon egenus and Neuroleon asiricus all first time reported. Myrmecaelurini Esben-Petersen, 1918 having six genera: Genus Gepus Navas, 1912 with one species Gepus invisus Navas, 1912 first time recorded from Pakistan. Genus Iranoleon, Hölzel, 1968 monotypic Iranoleon vartianae Hölzel, 1968. Genus Myrmecaelurus Costa, 1855 having four species. Myrmecaelurus laetus, Myrmecaelurus paghmanus and Myrmecaelurus (Nohoveus) vanharteni first time reported from Pakistan. Genus Solter with two species and Solter Solter felderi first time reported from Pakistan. Tribe Nesoleontini Markl, 1954 with three genera: Genus Cueta having five specie. While four species Cueta striata, Cueta thaliae, Cueta minervae and Cueta plexiformia first time recorded from Pakistan. Tribe Myrmeleontini only genus Myrmeleon with six species. Five species Myrmeleon trivialis,Myrmeleon bore, Myrmeleon hyalinus, Myrmeleon noacki and Myrmeleon inconspicuous are first time reported from Pakistan. Species were identified morphologically and 703 specimens were selected for DNA barcoding. Maximum 10 specimens from each species were selected. The Barcode Index Number (BIN) analysis using BOLD Systems Version 3.0 assigned 40 BINs to total 359 Antlion DNA sequences recorded for DNA barcode region. To find maximum distance distribution in species Barcode Gape Analysis and Automated Barcode Gap Analysis was performed using BOLD and online resource respectively. Results showed that maximum intera specific distance was 0 to 2.69%. While comparison with other countries was not possible as there was no data available for same species from other countries. This may be due to non processing of specimens from other countries or species endemism. The analysis showed that no species have been already sequenced and added to BOLD. So it has been added first time at least for local fauna. Value of maximum interspecific distance was less than nearresrt neighbor distance. Distance analysis of the barcode sequences showed an interspecific.divergence of at least 2%. Nearest neighbor joining (NNJ) tree also revealed that close taxa were grouped together more precisely than distant species. An online DNA based reference library was created, for species collected in the present study, on the Barcode of Life Data Systems (http://www.boldsystems.org). Results revealed that antlions exist throughout Pakistan in all geographical and environmental conditions and were not restricted to dry hot and arid areas. They are much abundant in undisturbed and non polluted areas. Collection and survey records revealed that in intensive crop zones due to habitat loss and higher chemical pollution antlion population has almost been eliminated.
In this article different era of ╓anaf┘ School of thought is discussed in which it is mentioned that ╓anaf┘ School got the general acceptance among people after the initial three stages of its Origination which lays the foundation of its Evolution and Promotion. First era is known as the era of “ Zahir ul Riw┐yah” renaissance starts from Hazrat Imam Ab┴ ╓an┘fa and moves on up to his disciple Hassan L┴lo’ (204 A.H.). There is no book found under the authorship of Imam Abu Han┘fa but his disciple R┐shid Al Mohammad has written various books. Some famous renowned books under the authorship of Im┐m Muhammad are Al J┐m‘ Alkab┘r (الكبري اجلامع, (Al J┐m‘ Al Sagh┘r (الصغري اجلامع, (Al Siyar Al kab┘r(الكبري السري, (Al Siyar Al Saghir(الصغري السري, (Al Mabs┴t(املبسوط (and Al Ziy┐d┐t(الزايدات.(Second era is known as Mas┐’l-e Naw┐dir. Books like Al-Kais┐niy┐t(كيسانيات َال, (AlH┐r┴niy┐t(اهلارونيات, (Al-Jurj┐niy┐t(رجانيات ُ اجل (and AlRuqiy┐t(ياتَّق َّ الر (are written under the authorship of Imam Muhammad during this era are consists of new topics that are not mentioned in the written books of earlier period.
Learning and memory is essential for successful survival of humans and animals. Memory retrieval is the phenomenon of utilizing memories and information acquired in the past to make decision and performance in present. It is crucial for survival and day to day activities of humans and animals. Inability to retrieve memories is known as retrograde amnesia. Cholinergic receptors are important for regulation of learning and memory processes. Impaired cholinergic transmission is a leading cause of cognitive deficit and amnesia. Cholinergic receptors, i.e. muscarinic and nicotinic receptors, have established role in memory acquisition and consolidation but their involvement in memory retrieval is not much investigated. This study was conducted to explore the role of muscarinic cholinergic receptors in memory retrieval and the effect of gender. Gender dependent role of muscarinic receptors in memory retrieval was assessed in young Balb/c mice under normal conditions, sub-chronic stress, post traumatic brain injury and sub-chronic D2 dopamine receptor antagonism. Mice were trained for spatial and fear memories, using Morris water maze test and contextual fear conditioning, respectively. After training they were subjected to cholinergic drug treatment i.e, 1mg/kg scopolamine (muscarinic receptor antagonist) and 1mg/kg donepezil (acetylcholine esterase inhibitor), under normal conditions, following sub-chronic restrain stress, traumatic brain injury and dopamine D2 receptor antagonism by risperidone (2.5 mg/kg). Memory retrieval was accessed using probe trial and context retention. Further, the involvement of hippocampal and entorhinal cortex muscarinic receptors in memory retrieval was also explored. Under normal conditions acute (30 minutes before test) and sub-chronic (for five days) muscarinic blockade impaired spatial memory retrieval in male (P < 0.05) but not in female mice (P > 0.05). Acute and sub-chronic scopolamine treatment impaired retrieval of contextual fear memory in male and female mice (P < 0.05), except sub-chronic treated female mice (P > 0.05). There was no effect of acute and sub-chronic cholinergic receptor antagonism on object memory retrieval in male and female mice. Sub-chronic stress impaired spatial memory retrieval in both male and female mice (P < 0.05) but the impaired spatial recall was not effected by muscarinic activity. However, muscarinic receptor activation by donepezil reversed stress induced fear memory retrieval in mice irrespective of gender (P < 0.005). Sub-chronic muscarinic modulation affected trauma induced neurological damage in gender dependent manner but their effect was not significant in reversing trauma induced fear and spatial memory retrieval deficit in both genders. Gender and task dependent effect of muscarinic receptors were observed in memory retrieval under sub-chronic dopamine antagonism. In male mice muscarinic modulation impaired spatial memory retrieval under dopaminergic antagonism (P < 0.05). Muscarinic antagonism impaired fear retrieval in males but significantly enhanced fear recall in females (P < 0.005) under sub-chronic antagonism. Hippocampal and medial entorhinal cortex muscarinic receptors were found to mediate spatial and fear memory retrieval but not the object memory retrieval. It is concluded that muscarinic receptors are important for memory retrieval. Under physiological conditions muscarinic activity displays gender dependent involvement in memory retrieval. Muscarinic activation enhanced emotional memory recall in both genders under stress condition. Sub-chronic muscarinic modulation gender dependently reversed trauma induced impaired spatial memory recall. Furthermore, muscarinic receptors in hippocampus and entorhinal are required for emotional and spatial memory retrieval. These findings suggest that role of muscarinic receptor activity in retrieving different types of memories depends on gender of subjects and the conditions during which memories are retrieved. Findings of this study emphasize on the importance of considering gender as crucial variable in exploring underlying mechanisms and potential therapeutic options for dementia and neurological disorders.