Three dimensional radiotherapy techniques propose the opportunity of delivering the dose distribution which is well conformed to target volume while minimizing the exposure by radiations to nearby organs. However, second cancer incidences from the radiations are rare and much late effects after radiotherapy techniques. The purpose of dose distribution is vital as imprecision in dose parameters can produce further complications. The critical organs of the patients are usually received low radiations due to the complex radiation fields which are close or relatively far from target and may be a cause to produce secondary cancer risk. Therefore, numerous parameters regarding to the radiotherapy treatment planning must be discussed. This study aims to calculate the dose distribution, dose volume histograms (DVHs), life time secondary cancer risk, solid cancer risk or excess absolute risk (EAR) using the different modalities of radiotherapy (APBI – accelerated partial breast irradiation, EBRT – external beam radiotherapy). Breast cancer is global dilemma and considerable improvements have been made in the outcomes with early stage breast cancer patients. In our analysis, due to the steep dose gradient and the prescription to 10 mm tissue depth, Accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) with 50 kV x-ray miniature source and MammoSite brachytherapy with Ir-192 Source delivered the highest maximal dose to the ipsilateral breast. MammoSite brachytherapy delivered higher maximal dose to heart than after three dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) and significantly lower using the tangential IMRT. The risk of solid cancer is generally related to radiotherapy. In general, the incidences of secondary cancers are related to the actual dose received by the irradiated organ. In our study, secondary cancer risk is estimated from the breast radiotherapy techniques. IORT associated with less second cancer risk (0.02%) for ipsilateral lung in comparison to APBI and EBRT. Second cancer risk observed by IORT for contralateral breast is less in comparison to APBI and EBRT. The risk calculated from EBRT for the ipsilateral lung (2.9%) and contralateral lung (0.2%). Tangential IMRT and 3D-CRT irradiated the higher volume of contralateral breast and ipsilateral lung for the dose (<1 Gy). EAR decreased for contralateral breast, ipsilateral lung and contralateral lung for 3D-CRT and tangential IMRT viiiin comparison to multibeam IMRT and VMAT by using linear, linear-exponential and plateau models. In order to get better accuracy in dose distribution, it is point of interest to compare the dose distribution by treatment planning system, applicators and sources. High dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy techniques are commonly used to treat the tumours such as the breast, cervix and prostate. In these brachytherapy techniques, applicators are inserted close to tumours while the radioactive sources are adjusted at suitable position for the desired delivery of dose. Intracavitary brachytherapy (ICBT) constitutes an essential component in the radiation therapy of cervical cancer. With high-dose-rate (HDR) afterloading units, ICBT procedures require multiple applications spread over time. In our study, The GammaMedplus HDR remote brachytherapy afterloading system with single high active (usually about 10 Ci) cylindrical 192 Ir source having active dimensions of 0.6 mm diameter and 3.6 mm length was used. The planning was done using treatment planning software (ABACUS 3.1). It is noted that total average dose and standard deviation of dose for nine patients by Ring applicator at bladder, rectum, RPWRP and LPWRP was of 4.26 ± 0.35 Gy, 2.72 ± 0.29 Gy, 0.98 ± 0.11 Gy and 0.83 ± 0.16 Gy respectively whereas total average dose and standard deviation of dose for five patients by Fletcher applicator at bladder, rectum, RPWRP and LPWRP was of 4.05 ±0.73 Gy, 3.02 ± 0.76 Gy, 1.22 ± 0.25 Gy and 1.23 ±0.38 Gy respectively.
ساٹھ کی دہائی میں شہرت حاصل کرنے والے شعراء میں ایک اہم نام مراتب اختر کا بھی ہے۔ مراتب اختر منفرد لہجے کے جدید شاعر تھے۔ جنھوں نے غزل میں نئے نئے تجربات کیے۔ یہ ایک حقیقت ہے کہ شاعری کی اساس اسلوب ہے اور اسلوب کی خوبصورتی الفاظ کے انتخاب کی مرہونِ منت ہے۔ لفظوں کا خوبصورت انتخاب کلام میں آہنگ اور موسیقیت پیدا کرتا ہے اور الفاظ کی لطافت، فصاحت اور موزونیت ایک دوسرے کے ساتھ تقابل کے بعد واضح ہوتی ہے۔ مراتب اختر اُردو غزل میں جدیدیت کے علم برداروں میں اہم مقام رکھتے ہیں اور اُن کا اسلوب اس کا آئینہ دار ہے۔ انھوں نے اپنے کلام میں جدیدلفظیات کو استعمال کر کے جدید غزل کو ایک نیا رنگ دیا۔ مراتب اختر کی شاعری کے حوالے سے معروف شاعر اور نقاد افتخارجالبؔ لکھتے ہیں:
مراتب اختر نے جو شاعری کی ہے۔ اس میں رکھ رکھائو، ڈِکش کی ملائمت، نفاست اور مروّجہ شعریت نہیں ہے۔ سب کچھ اُکھڑا اُکھڑا دکھائی دیتا ہے۔ یہ خرابیاں کہ امکان سے نابلد، اندھے اور بے مغز لوگوںں کو گراں گزرتی ہیں۔ درحقیقت مراتب اختر کی خالص خوبیاں ہیں۔(۱)
مراتب اختر شاعری کے میدان میں لکیر کے فقیر ثابت نہ ہوئے بلکہ انھوں نے عرصہ دراز سے استعمال ہونے والے سادہ الفاظ کو اس نئے رنگ سے اپنی شاعری میں استعمال کیا کہ وہ اُن کی پہچان بن گئے۔ مراتب اختر کے حوالے سے وحید اطہر اپنے مضمون ’’مراتب اختر اور ہم‘‘ میں یوں رقم طراز ہیں:
مراتب اختر کے ہاں گل و بلبل کی شاعری نہیں ہے۔وہ زمانے کے ساتھ ساتھ رہا۔ اس نے دیومالائی قصے کہانیوں کا سہارا نہیں لیا۔ وہ جیتے...
Berdasarkan hasil observasi dimana hasil belajar siswa SMK Negeri 1 Gunungsitoli Barat Kota Gunungsitoli Barat masih rendah ditentukan banyak faktor, diantaranya adalah penggunaan media pembelajaran masih kurang efektif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: (1) mendeskripsikan penggunaan media pembelajaran dalam proses pembelajaran; (2) mengetahui korelasi secara signifikan antara penggunaan media pembelajaran dengan hasil belajar siswa, (3) besarnya kontribusi penggunaan media pembelajaran terhadap hasil belajar siswa. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di SMK Negeri 1 Gunungsitoli Barat Kota Gunungsitoli, dengan jumlah sampel 32 orang. Instrumen yang digunakan yaitu: (1) angket model skala Likert yang telah diuji kesahihan dan keandalan. Adapun temuan penelitian ini yaitu: (1) ada korelasi antara penggunaan media pembelajaran dengan hasil belajar siswa; (2) besarnya kontribusi penggunaan media pembelajaran dengan hasil belajar adalah 79%; (3) berdasarkan pengujian hipotesis dimana thitung > ttabel yaitu 3,815 > 1,697, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa ada hubungan yang signifikan antara penggunaan media pembelajaran dengan hasil belajar siswa.
Alkaloids are most important natural secondary metabolites with a wide range of structural diversity. More than 12,000 alkaloids have been reported from different plant genera. Plant alkaloids are cheap in terms of cost and have fewer side effects as compared to other alkaloid sources. Different structural databases are available containing thousands of alkaloids from different sub-categories lacking the information about ADMET, 2D and 3D properties, bioactivities, interaction with genes, pathway and diseases in which it is involved and cross references in a single platform. CAD is aimed to provide a single useful online and downloadable platform to fulfill this gap and help researchers to get information in a time efficient manner. Briefly, methods used to implement CAD was 1) searching plants of sub-continent India, 2) Searching for alkaloids contained in these plants, 3) Finding structural properties from publically available databases and journals, 4) Prediction of ADMET properties, 5) Making of different structural formats using MOE software, 6) Prediction of 2D and 3D properties and development ofReady to Dock Library using MOE software 7) searching for associated gene interaction, disease and pathway data, 8) storing data in RDBMS 9) retrieving information using PHP. The resulted database can be searched with alkaloid, gene, disease and pathway name by simple typing the corresponding name or by selecting from dropdown menu. After successful implementation of CAD, it was concluded that CAD could fulfill its desired aims with unique organized information of alkaloids. In future CAD will include more plants and their alkaloids from different countries and more scientifically useful aspects.