Bumblebees are important for their pollination services to different plant species providing a major source of variability and survival for cross pollinated plant species. They belong to temperate regions due to their need of hibernation needs in winter. Their importance as buzz pollination makes them unique for pollination of different commercial crops like tomatoes, pepper, strawberries etc under glasshouse farming systems. Different bumblebee species has been identified in northern areas of Pakistan including Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Gilgit Baltistan, Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa and some parts of northern Punjab. Bombus haemorrhoidalis has been identified as important and common bumblebee species in lower northern Pakistan. Different experiments were conducted for ecological and biological studies to monitor the indigenous bumblebee, B. haemorrhoidalis abundance and species richness in the northern Pakistan including Rawalpindi-Islamabad, Rawalakot and Naran-Kaghan valley It will be helpful for conservation of our local bumblebee fauna and to identify the possible plant species for their long term survival and stability of environmental balance of species. According to the results regarding abundance of native bumblebee in relation to other pollinators Bombus haemorrhoidalis was the most abundant pollinator in comparison with other pollinators in all sub-localities. In 2012, maximum Shannon index, Simson index and Eveness were recorded in Naran Kaghan and minimum in Rawalpindi/Islambad. In 2013, maximum Shannon index and Eveness were recorded in Naran Kaghan while Simson index was maximum in Rwalpindi/Islambad and minimum Shannon index in Rawalakot. The foraging xxv source of native bumble comprised of 42, 43 and 48 plant species in Naran Kaghan, Rawalkot and Rawalpindi/Islamabad, respectively. Maximum species (11) belonged to Family, Asteraceae from all three study areas. The nest seeking queens emerged after spending winter diapause in nature preferred relatively open field landscape followed by open fields, forest boundaries proved more populated habitats followed by field boundaries for nesting sites. Withered grasses remained most favored patches and stone and moss the least ones for nesting sites of B. haemorrhoidalis. at all locations. Rearing of B. haemorrhoidalis was successfully done and biological parameter of like, preoviposition period, egg hatching period, larval and pupal duration, period of first workers emerged, numbers of workers and sexual and mother queen life span were observed under controlled laboratory conditions. Seasonal fluctuation of sexual morphs indicated first emergence of winter diapausing queens in March - April, maximum population of workers in September, males and daughter queens in October, in field conditions. Indigenous bumblebee B. haemorrhoidalis was used for pollination of tomato crop in comparison with European bumblebee Bombus terrestris at Hydroponic Research Farm. Non significant differences were obtained in the means comparison of number of seeds per fruit, fruit weight, fruit height and fruit diameter for both pollinators.
بنا بولے ہوئے گفتار کرنا سکوں دیتا ہے روٹھے کو منانا جگایا ہے کسی غفلت زدہ کو کیا مفلس مری دریا دلی نے جہاں پاؤں رکھو، روشن زمیں ہو تری باتیں رلائیں خوں کے آنسو محبت کا صلہ اجرت نہیں ہے
اسے کہتے ہیں آنکھیں چار کرنا منا کر پھر اسی کو پیار کرنا غلط ہے کیوں اسے ہر بار کرنا مجھے آتا نہیں انکار کرنا دئے روشن یونہی دلدار کرنا زباں کو اور کیا تلوار کرنا مری جاں، ہے یہ کاروبار کرنا
Reformation of Moral Philosophy and its Foundation in Seerah of the Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) Though, the twenty first century is passing through a great development in the field of science, intellect, education and technology, human beings seem spiritually and ethically in a more miserable condition day by day. We observe inflation in the problems and complications regarding their solutions in human societies with every passing day. Today’s man is highly engaged in universe and its enquiry, we are developing knowledge and physical efforts for taking control over all phenomena of universe, but in this effort, we lost our capability of good values and ethics mostly. In such conditions, the one and only personality, the Ambassador of peace, beloved Muhammad ﷺ is the source of guidance, by whom the spirit of a man could meet with peace and stability. But the solution of this major problem never can be just adopting his ethical teachings and the rejection of bad actions. If so, then the thousands of past writings about the issue have brought the revolution already on the face of the earth. Modern philosophy of ethics and Morality is based upon the concept of relativity as “Good” or “bad” is not universal truth at all. For this reason, it is less effective in terms of practicality. The roots of philosophical concepts we find in the teachings of Prophet’s Muhammad (ﷺ). Have no enigmas and ambiguity Morality. Promoting the prophetic philosophy of Ethics and Morality can change the behavior of man automatically rather than forcefully. In this article, effort has been made to critically analyze the modern Moral philosophy in the light of Sῑrah of the Holy Prophetﷺ. Analytical and critical research methodology is adopted in this study.
Technology has allowed for a substantial increase in success rate of identifying the presence of energy sources such as oil and natural gas. Data mining, an emerging technology characterized by significantly advanced analytical tools, can contribute to this success rate as it has the potential to guide or at least assist opportunists in hydrocarbon prediction. To make a prediction about presence of hydrocarbon reserve beneath the surface of earth involves geological, geochemical, seismic and microbial prospecting. The test methods involved in the mentioned process need a great deal of cost and time. This project is aimed at developing decision support system to improve the process of hydrocarbon need evaluation and reserve detection by integrating the methods and tools from data mining and potential surface analysis to approach the problem from an interdisciplinary stance. In the thesis, the world countries are classified with respect to sustainable energy development with the underlying assumption that hydrocarbon is the major source of energy all over the world. The addressed question is whether the hydrocarbon reserves in the world comply with its consumption? As a result, two possibilities arose to ensure energy sustainability: (1). To provide an optimal framework for improvement in hydrocarbon exploration process. (2). To provide a framework for improvement in hydrocarbon consumption. The study is about the aforementioned. The presence of hydrocarbon reserves beneath earth‘s surface is predicted on the basis of either (a). Surface indicators or (b). Beneath surface parameters. The surface indicators which are considered in this project may consist of geological and microbial indicators. In state of the art geological and microbial methodologies, the cost and time involved is in affordable. The research attempts to replace geological predictions with intelligent remote sensing and microbial indications with microbe data mining. But the existing techniques of data mining cannot produce desired accuracy if applied to surface indicators database. Some data mining techniques for mining temporal spatial and non spatial data related to surface indicators of hydrocarbon reserves are proposed. The model includes the classification mechanism of world countries on the basis of sustainable hydrocarbon development and then extraction of useful patterns from surface indicators to predict hydrocarbon reserve in a time and cost effective manner. A series of empirical investigations have been made to evaluate the performance of proposed techniques using different and diverse databases that show the effectiveness of methodology.