سروسز (ملازمتوں) کی تسعیر کے شرعی مسائل

The word pricing is one of the four Ps of Marketing Mix (Product, Price, Place and Promotion) and the most important and attractive one as it bears profit and income for producer and employee. Using various pricing strategies, a rate is fixed for a product or service in order to get suitable profit. If it is not taken care, the business or service may cause you loss financially. Like this term is used in production, it is also practiced in services in order to determine inflation rates and fixing daily wages and monthly salaries, for which various pricing strategies and arithmetic formulas are used. In this paper I have come up with introduction of Pricing in Modern and Islamic perspective and then limiting the topic to pricing in services, I discussed various Shariah issues of Pricing in services in the light of Quran and Sunnah. 

Power Centric Nodes in Clustered Knowledge Networks Ensuring Optimal Security

Knowledge Networks are gaining momentum within cyber world. Knowledge leads to innovation and for this reason organizations focus on research and information gathering in order to gain and improve existing knowledge. In this age of information, which is primarily based on internet and world wide web technologies, enable significantly expanded networks of people to communicate and collaborate „virtually‟ across teams of the entire organization, across organizations and the world, anytime and anyplace. Therefore, wonderful innovations in computing and telecommunications have transformed the corporations from structured and manageable type to interwoven network of blurred boundaries such as; ad hoc networks and mobile wireless networks, semantic web technology etc. This study explores the means of knowledge networks in Information Technology and security leaks that are found and measures that are taken to counter this menace are coming up with optimal Secure Clustered Power Centric node network. The study estimates these measures, evaluating and integrating them to come up with a secured network design. This study seeks to establish these threats and attacks and counter security measures in Wireless Sensor Networks, Mobile Ad-hoc Networks and Semantic Web technology and propose architecture for the purpose of establishing secure routing in knowledge networks called Optimized Network Security Solution for Knowledge Networks – ONSS-KN. Design and development of power-aware, scalable and performance efficient routing protocols for Knowledge Networks (KNs) is an active area of research. In this dissertation, we show that insect colonies based intelligence – commonly referred to as Swarm Intelligence (SI) – provides an ideal metaphor for developing routing protocols for KNs because they consist of minimalists, autonomous individuals that through local interactions self-organize to produce system-level behaviors that show lifelong adaptability to changes and perturbations in an external environment. In this context, we propose a clustering and secure data routing protocol for KNs (iRoutCluster) – inspired by the foraging principles of honey bees. Qaisar Javaid (1094-212001) Page vi To conclude this study, we perform simulation studies to analyze and compare the performance of the final iRoutCluster design with existing protocols. The simulation results demonstrate that iRoutCluster outperforms its competitors in all assumed scenarios and metrics. We then implement the iRoutCluster protocol in MATLAB® simulator to further investigate its performance in mobile networks and large-scale static sensor networks. The results clearly show that iRoutCluster not only performs well in large-scale networks, but is equally good in MANETs as well. Therefore, iRoutCluster is a viable protocol for hybrid ad hoc networks.