A study of the photolysis of cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) (B12), aquocobalamin (B12a) and hydroxocobalamin (vitamin B12b) (B12b) in the presence of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) (AH2) has been carried out in the pH range 2.0-12.0 using a visible radiation source. It involved the development of a multicomponent spectrophotometric method for the simultaneous determination of B12, its photoproduct aquocobalamin (B12a)/hydroxocobalamin (B12b), and AH2 at 550, 525 and 265 nm (pH 4.0). These wavelengths correspond to the absorption maxima of the three compounds and thus provide high specificity and sensitivity to the method. The method has been validated with respect to various analytical parameters. The recovery of the method for the three compounds ranges from 97.1-103.0% with a RSD value of ± 3%. The accuracy of the analytical method has been shown by the linearity of the kinetic plots in the concentration range studied. The method is simple, rapid and convenient for the purpose of assay and can also be used for the determination of B12 and B12b only at 550 and 525 nm in photolysed solutions. B12b only in the presence or absence of AH2 in photolysed solution can be determined at 525 nm. The photolysis of B12 and B12a/B12b in the presence of AH2 at pH 2.0-12.0, under aerobic conditions, follows first-order kinetics and the values of apparent first–order rate constants (kobs) at pH 2.0 to 12.0 range from 0.37–2.63×10–4 s–1 and 0.21–6.35×10–4 s–1, for B12 and B12a/B12b, respectively. The second–order rate constants (k2) for the photochemical interaction of AH2 and B12 and AH2 and B12a/B12b range from 0.20 (pH 2.0)–1.09 ×10–2 M–1s–1 (pH 5.0) and 5.88 (pH 2.0)–91.08 ×10–2 M–1s–1 (pH 5.0), respectively. The values of the k2 for AH2– B12a/B12b interaction are 30–80 times greater than those of AH2–B12 suggesting a greater susceptibility of B12a/B12b to photodegradation compared to that of B12 in this pH range. The k2–pH profiles for both B12 and B12a/B12b are bell–shaped curves indicating the effect of AH2 ionization on the rates of their interaction. The complete discoloration of B12 and B12a/B12b solutions on prolonged photolysis indicates the formation of corrin ring cleavage (oxidation) products in acid and alkaline solutions. These oxidation products do not absorb in the visible region and, therefore, do not interfere with the assay of B12 and B12a/B12b in the visible region. Reaction schemes for the mode of photodegradation of B12 and B12b in the presence of AH2 have been presented. The involvement of a short lived ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) intermediate state in the photolysis of B12 and the formation of different singlet states, on the photoexcitation of B12a/B12b, leading to the photodissociation of Co-OH bond by different mechanisms have been suggested. The photolysis of B12-cysteine and B12a/B12b-cysteine complexes has also been studied in the pH range 2.0-12.0 using a two-component spectrometric method by absorpbance measurements at 550 and 531 nm, the absorption maxima of B12-CY and B12b-CY complexes, respectively. The kinetics of these systems has been evaluated and the association constants for these complexes have been determined. The photolysis of B12 and B12b in the presence of ferrous ions has also been studied and the second-order rate constants for their photochemical interaction have been determined. The rates of interaction are affected by the pH of the medium as a result of the conversion of Fe2+ ions to Fe (OH)2 above pH 5.0.
میں تم کو پتھر سمجھا تھا تنہائی میں اک دن میں نے تم کو پتھر کہہ ڈالا تھا بات یہ میری سُن کر پتھر بہت برا وہ مان گئے تھے
پھر میں سمجھا ، پھر میں جانا نرم بھی ہوتے ہیں کچھ پتھر کیا کیا بیج اگاتے ہیں وہ اُن کو پیڑ بناتے ہیں وہ اُن پر پھول سجاتے ہیں وہ اُن کا درد بٹاتے ہیں وہ
پتھر کا بھی دل ہوتا ہے اُس کو بھی سبزہ بھاتا ہے اب میں سمجھا اب میں جانا نہیں مناسب تم کو کہنا نہیں مناسب پتھر کہنا کاش کہ تُو بھی پتھر ہوتا
Abstract The purpose of this study is to assess the potential of social media platforms to build a successful marketing campaign for the private health-care industry. This will be accomplished by studying the current trends, audiences, and marketing tactics that are applied to these channels. In addition, the research will make a contribution to this understanding by investigating the efficacy of various types of marketing strategies that are used in the private health-care industry, such as influencer marketing, content marketing, and social media advertising, and how these strategies can be leveraged to create marketing strategies that are more effective. This research project will also focus on identifying any bottlenecks that could be hindering the utilisation of these channels and providing solutions to improve their effectiveness in the marketing mix. This will be done as part of the overall goal of improving the effectiveness of the marketing mix. At the end of the day, the purpose of this research is to develop an understanding of how social media channels can be utilised successfully as an important instrument in marketing for the health-care industry.
Colchicine is separated from Colchicum autumnale plant (Battersby et al.1972).Colchicine was approved in 2009 by the Federal drug agency (FDA) for the prophylaxis and the treatment of acute attack of gout (Richette and Bardin 2010). It is investigated that colchicine reduced pain of gouty arthritis (Lidar and Livneh 2007). Colchicine ointment is useful for treatment and prevention of acute gout attacks (Maduri and Atla 2012).Colchicine is an alkaloid. It is used for the treatment of Familial Mediterranean fever and gout. It has played its anti-inflammatory role by acting on microtubules. Molecular basis of this drug has studied on expression of human umbilical vein endothelial cell line gene. It has ability to change expression of gene which resulted in inflammatory processes or neutrophil migration. This drug not only have anti-inflammatory role through inhibition of microtubules but also changes at transcriptional level of gene expression (Chetrit et al. 2006). Colchicine has been used for the treatment of biliary and liver cirrhosis (Sabouraud et al. 1992).Colchicine is beneficial for the treatment of idiopathic thrombocytopenic pupura resistant to regular treatment (Strother et al. 1984).