Home > Effect of Automobile Related Metal Pollution on Plants: A Case Study Along Two Roads Faisalabad to Sargodha and Pindi Bhattian to Lillah in the Punjab, Pakistan
Effect of Automobile Related Metal Pollution on Plants: A Case Study Along Two Roads Faisalabad to Sargodha and Pindi Bhattian to Lillah in the Punjab, Pakistan
Automobiles release a number of toxic metals into the surrounding environment. They enter human body through food chain and cause many toxic effects. Plants prove good indicators of their existence. In this study five herbaceous plant species (Calotropis procera, Datura alba, Ricinus communis, Parthenium hysterophorus and Cenchrus ciliaris) commonly growing along two roads i.e. Motorway (M-2) and Faisalabad-Sargodha road (FSR) in the Punjab, Pakistan, were collected. Plant and soil samples were collected in all the four seasons (2013-2014) from roadsides. Samples taken 100 m away from roads were designated as control. Lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn) metals were analyzed in all the plants and soil samples by ICP-AES (Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrophotometer). Carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) contents in plants and soil samples were also measured. Relative plant attributes i.e. photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll contents and carotenoids), gas exchange characters (photosynthetic rate (A), transpiration rate (E), stomatal conductance (gs), internal CO2 concentration (Ci) and water use efficiency (WUE)), total soluble proteins, total free amino acids and total antioxidant activity were studied. Significantly higher concentrations of all the metals were found along roadsides in plants and soils as compared to controls and they clearly showed spatial and temporal variations. In both plants and soil samples, higher contamination of metals was recorded during summer season, while, the least contamination was noticed during winter season. The metals concentrations were obtained in the order Zn > Ni > Pb > Cd. Higher metals, C and N concentrations were recorded along FSR road as compared to M-2. Pull-111 was proved to be the most polluted site. A general reduction in photosynthetic pigments, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and total soluble proteins were recorded, whereas, increase in internal CO2 concentration, water use efficiency, total free amino acids and total antioxidant activity was observed under metal toxicity. Among plants, Calotropis procera leaves accumulated the highest level of Pb, Cd and Ni, while, Ricinus communis showed tendency to accumulate high quantities of Zn, thus, these plant species can be used as good biomonitors / phytoremediators. The metal contents in plants at most of the sites showed significant positive correlation with traffic density. High level of metals was also found in fuel (petrol and diesel) and soot samples. So, control measures are required to overcome transport sector related pollution which may become severe in forthcoming days.
علامہ یوسف علی دوسرا حادثہ علامہ یوسف علی کی وفات کا ہے، وہ جدید تعلیم کی بہترین پیداوار بہت پرانے اور بڑے فاضل آئی سی ایس تھے، انگریزی پر ان کو اہل زبان جیسی قدرت حاصل تھی، وہ متعدد بلندپایہ کتابوں کے مصنف تھے، ان کی ایک کتاب کا ترجمہ ’’ہندوستان قرونِ وسطیٰ میں‘‘ کے نام سے اردو میں بھی شائع ہوچکا ہے، یہ ان کے ان لکچروں کا مجموعہ ہے جو انھوں نے ہندوستانی اکیڈمی الہ آباد میں دیے تھے، اگرچہ ان کا قالب مغربی تھا، مگر ان کا قلب ہمیشہ مومن اور ان کا قلم ابتداء سے اسلام کی خدمت میں مصروف رہا، ان کا سب سے بڑا علمی و دینی کارنامہ قرآن مجید کا انگریزی ترجمہ ہے، جو ادبی خوبیوں کے لحاظ سے انگریزی زبان کا شاہکار سمجھا جاتا ہے، اس کی ایک خوبی یہ بھی ہے کہ مترجم نے ان جدید مفسرین کے برعکس جو محض یورپ کی مرعوبیت میں آیاتِ قرآنی میں خود ساختہ تاویلیں کرتے ہیں، اپنے حواشی میں کوئی ایسی تاویل نہیں کی ہے جو سلف کے عقائد کے خلاف ہو، اس لئے دینی طبقہ میں بھی اس ترجمہ کو پسندیدگی کی نظر سے دیکھا گیا، اﷲ تعالیٰ اپنی کتاب عزیز کے اس خادم کو اس کی خدمت کا صلہ عطا فرمائے۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی، جنوری ۱۹۵۴ء)
The purpose of this study is to analyze the income level of gillnet fishermen <10 GT, to analyze the factors that affect the level of income, and to formulate strategies and solutions to increase income. This research was conducted at the Fish Auction Place (TPI) Pabean Udik, Pabean Udik Village, Indramayu Regency. This location was chosen because the Udik Customs Fish Auction Place (TPI) is dominated by fishermen using gillnet fishing gear who have vessels <10 GT. The method used is the census method with samples taken as a whole. The analysis used in this research is the Logistic Regression Analysis and the SWOT Analysis. Research results obtained by using IBM SPSS, namely for the Sig Value Variable in the Equation is 100%, this value is interpreted by 8 (factors) Independent variables can affect income only educational factors that do not affect income and for the results obtained from SWOT analysis namely to increase the income of gillnet fishermen <10 GT at TPI Pabean Udik, namely the development of technology and fisheries business scale, development of access to capital for fishermen, development of marketing access, development of facilities and infrastructure at TPI Pabean Udik, Development of diversification of fish management and environmentally friendly fisheries management.
Gastrointestinal parasitic (GI) nematodes are among the most economically important parasites to livestock costing the North American cattle industry alone more than $2 billion per year. The GI parasitic nematode species H. placei and H. contortus are amongst the most common and highly pathogenic parasite species of ruminants worldwide. Although these parasites have strong host preferences, they can infect multiple host species and co-infections have been reported. H. contortus is most commonly found in sheep and goats, whereas the closely related nematode H. placei is most common in cattle and buffalo. The two parasite species are phylogenetically close and experimental co-transplantation of adult parasites can result in hybridization between the two species to produce F1 progeny which, although sterile for inter-F1 mating, can propagate when backcrossed against the parental species. Hybridization between the species is an interesting phenomenon for the transfer of genetic material. The transfer of the resistance mutations from the H. contortus (high resistant) to H. placei (low resistant) is possible due to the process of hybridization. Hence, the interspecies hybridization is of particular interest due to its potential to provide a mechanism of drug resistance. Samples of Haemonchus spp. were collected from each abattoir of each district from 40 animals (cattle and buffaloes) over the year. A total of 240 (n=180 cattle, n=60 buffalo) worms were subjected for the collection of samples from 6 districts of Punjab over the year. Twenty worms per population on an average were subjected for the collection of samples from each abattoir. Age and sex of the animal were recorded at the time of collection of samples. Samples were preserved in 70% ethanol and transferred to lab for further processing. Genetic analysis was accomplished in a set of studies. Through Pyrosequencing of the rDNA, ITS-2 and P24, SNPs were investigated the extent to which co-infections between H. placei and H. contortus species occured in cattle and buffalo hosts in Pakistan. Interspecies hybridization and/or introgression of BZ-conferring mutations between the H. placei and H. contortus in the populations is analysed through 4 different validated genetic markers. (i) Sequencing of the rDNA ITS-2 region. (ii) PCR amplification and sequencing of the isotype-1 β-tubulin (iii) Microsatellite analysis of hybrid worms. Phylogenetic network analysis of hybrid β-tubulin isotype-1 sequences also used for identification of resistance alleles arisen independently in different parasite populations, as opposed to being introduced by migration, determined the relative importance of quarantine drenching versus other aspects of ‘on-farm’ anthelmintic use. We then undertook a phylogenetic analysis of resistance and susceptible alleles in these populations to investigate the different models of the origins and spread of BZ resistance mutations. Two statistical tests (Sign Test and Wilcoxon Test) were used for the population bottlenecking effect. According to the mod shift analysis, all populations had a normal L-shaped distribution. The overall results suggested that population studies did not diverge from genetic drift equilibrium. To prevent co-infection/ hybridization, stop co-grazing of small and large ruminants. For the control of spread of drug resistance, stop animal movement from one (resistant) to other (susceptible) area. By the use of deep amplicon sequencing technique, diagnose early stage of resistance to prevent the emergence and spread of drug resistance by using alternative drug groups.