Home > Effect of Automobile Related Metal Pollution on Plants: A Case Study Along Two Roads Faisalabad to Sargodha and Pindi Bhattian to Lillah in the Punjab, Pakistan
Effect of Automobile Related Metal Pollution on Plants: A Case Study Along Two Roads Faisalabad to Sargodha and Pindi Bhattian to Lillah in the Punjab, Pakistan
Automobiles release a number of toxic metals into the surrounding environment. They enter human body through food chain and cause many toxic effects. Plants prove good indicators of their existence. In this study five herbaceous plant species (Calotropis procera, Datura alba, Ricinus communis, Parthenium hysterophorus and Cenchrus ciliaris) commonly growing along two roads i.e. Motorway (M-2) and Faisalabad-Sargodha road (FSR) in the Punjab, Pakistan, were collected. Plant and soil samples were collected in all the four seasons (2013-2014) from roadsides. Samples taken 100 m away from roads were designated as control. Lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn) metals were analyzed in all the plants and soil samples by ICP-AES (Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrophotometer). Carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) contents in plants and soil samples were also measured. Relative plant attributes i.e. photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll contents and carotenoids), gas exchange characters (photosynthetic rate (A), transpiration rate (E), stomatal conductance (gs), internal CO2 concentration (Ci) and water use efficiency (WUE)), total soluble proteins, total free amino acids and total antioxidant activity were studied. Significantly higher concentrations of all the metals were found along roadsides in plants and soils as compared to controls and they clearly showed spatial and temporal variations. In both plants and soil samples, higher contamination of metals was recorded during summer season, while, the least contamination was noticed during winter season. The metals concentrations were obtained in the order Zn > Ni > Pb > Cd. Higher metals, C and N concentrations were recorded along FSR road as compared to M-2. Pull-111 was proved to be the most polluted site. A general reduction in photosynthetic pigments, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and total soluble proteins were recorded, whereas, increase in internal CO2 concentration, water use efficiency, total free amino acids and total antioxidant activity was observed under metal toxicity. Among plants, Calotropis procera leaves accumulated the highest level of Pb, Cd and Ni, while, Ricinus communis showed tendency to accumulate high quantities of Zn, thus, these plant species can be used as good biomonitors / phytoremediators. The metal contents in plants at most of the sites showed significant positive correlation with traffic density. High level of metals was also found in fuel (petrol and diesel) and soot samples. So, control measures are required to overcome transport sector related pollution which may become severe in forthcoming days.
لیاری کی تنگ و تاریک گلیوں میں جنم لینے والا علی محمد ہنگورو بالمعروف ’’علی ہنگورو ‘‘نسل در نسل باوقار جد وجہد سے جام شہادت تک ثابت قدم ،شہید علی ہنگورو کے والد شہید یعقوب ایک مزدور لیڈر تھے ۔
وہ مچھی میانی میں مزدور کاز کا دفاع کرتے ہوئے اپنی جان کی بازی ہار گئے ۔باپ کی شہادت نے کم سن علی ہنگورو پر گہرے نقش چھوڑے غربت پروری اور وفاداری والد سے حصے میں ملی
شہید علی محمد ہنگورو کی زندگی مزدوری سے سندھ اسمبلی نشست تک ان تھک جدو جہد سے پُر ہے اپنی جد وجہد کا آغاز پیپلز اسٹوڈنٹس فیڈریشن اور بعد ازاں سندھ پیپلز یوتھ سے کیا ،وہ جد وجہد پر یقین رکھتا تھا ۔
اپنی اسی روشن خیالی کی بدولت سازشوں ،بہروپیوں اور بھٹو دشمن عناصر قوتوں کو کھٹکتا تھا ،اس نے اپنے وقت کے آمر جام صادق کو للکارا اور اسمبلی کے فلور پر نعرہ حق بلند کیا ۔
یا الہی کسی کم ظرف کو طاقت نہ ملے
کسی ظالم کو زمانے کی قیادت نہ ملے
فکر منفی کو کبھی علم و فراست نہ ملے
اور جب سازشیں حد سے بڑھیں زرداروں کا عمل دخل اور غریب ورکروں کے ساتھ زیادتیاں بڑھنے لگیں علی سید مظفر حسین شاہ کے دور میں آزاد سیٹ پر بیٹھ کر اپنی جدوجہد جاری رکھی ۔
1993ء میں جب میر مرتضی بھٹو کے وطن واپسی پر اعلان کے ساتھ علی شہید نے شہید بھٹو کمیٹی بنا کر میر مرتضی بھٹو کا استقبال کیا پھر نہ رات دیکھی نہ دن لیاری کا یہ کمانڈر استقبال تیاریوں میں مصروف ہو گیا وہ تاریخ...
Najeeb Al-Kailani is a famous Egyptian Islamic writer. He was immensely impressed by Iqbal’s philosophy. He was absorbed in the study of Islamic literature in the early days of his life and dared to write many articles in various magazines, touching various aspects of Iqbal’s poetry. Al-Kailani then by maintaining his interest in Iqbal’s poetry, was compelled to write the book entitled إقبال الشاعر الثائر"”, (Iqbal, the Revolutionary poet). He was awarded with prize by ministry of education and training, and in 1977 President of Pakistan General Muhammad Ziaul haq awarded him gold medal. This article highlighted the impact of Allama Muhammad Iqbal in al-Kailani’ book and analyzed its text by refereeing it to the original poetry of Allama Muhammad Iqbal. This article concluded that Kailani’s book is finest and comprehensive book, which demonstrated the life and philosophy of Allama Muhammad Iqbal.
The role of e-learning systems has become imperative in effectively educating masses of knowledge communities while maximizing the learner’s productivity. Barring this important role, e-learning systems face major challenges such as having context-aware and reusable learning contents. Furthermore, aspects oflearner profiling and categorization for deliverance of relevant learning contents, personalization and adaptive content recommendation to learners need to be focused. Currently, learning contents are static and not machine processable.Learner profiling may not fully comprehend the implicit as well as explicit characteristics of learners with subjective consideration of academic aspects at abstract level of granularity. Learner categorization techniques lack in dynamically considering the cognitive and inclinatory attributes of learners at finer level of granularity across the learning cycle. The learning contents offered may not accord with learning capacity of learners (lack personalization) with minimal support for content adaptivity.In proposed research, Ontology based Adaptive Semantic E-learning Framework (OASEF) is presented that exploits comprehensive set of learner attributes identified for effectively profiling the learners based on discriminative ones. Machine learning based dynamic and adaptive technique named Learner Categorization based on Hybrid Artificial Intelligence Techniques (LCHAIT) has been proposed for learner categorization. A supervised mode of learning was employed on a labeled data set modeled through a LearnerOntology. It has diverse learner’s profiles with implicit and explicit attributes pertinent to learner’s perspectives of demographics, academics, inclinations and behaviors. A comparative analysis of LCHAIT with three other machine learning techniques (Fuzzy Logic, Case Based Reasoning, and Artificial Neural Networks) is also presented. The learning contents maintained in the ontologies (CourseOntology, AssessmentOntoloy and DomainOntology) were recommended by considering the learner’s category to ensure personalization by a dynamic content recommender named Knowledge based Adaptive Semantic e-Learning Recommender (KASER). The efficacy of all categorization techniques was empirically measured while categorizing the learners based on their profiles through metrics of accuracy, precision, recall, f-measure and associated costs. These empirical quantifications assert LCHAIT as a better option than contemporary techniques as exhibited by greater accuracy of performance metrics. The performance of KASER was measured through degree of correctness in recommending the relevant learning contents compared with domain experts. Overall performance of OASEF was measured while recording the learner’s results spanning three years. The comparative analysis of proposed framework exhibits visibly improved results compared to prevalent approaches. These improvements are signified to the comprehensive attribute selection, learner profiling, dynamic techniques for learner categorization and effective content recommendation while ensuring personalization and adaptivity.