In Pakistan, work regarding crop response to sulphur application is limited to oilseeds and their oil contents only. Research work regarding integrated use of phosphorus (P) and sulphur (S) and their role in legume’s nitrogen fixation and nutrient uptake is very rare. Interactive effect of P and S on crop yield may be synergistic or antagonistic depending upon initial soil fertility status, levels of nutrients applied and test crop used. Therefore, present study was conducted to assess the effect of S and P application on seed yield, nitrogen (N2) fixation and nutrient uptake by chickpea crop under rainfed conditions of northern Punjab, Pakistan. Field experiments were conducted with Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) at Chakwal (32.5° N latitude, 72.4° E longitude) and Talagang (32.5° N latitude, 72.2° E longitude) during 2006-07 and 2007-08. The trials were carried out in RCBD having split split plot arrangement with P rates in main plots, S sources in subplots and S rates in sub sub plots. There were eighteen treatments comprising of different combinations of P levels (0, 40, 80 kg ha-1), S sources [gypsum and ammonium sulphate (AS)] and S levels (0, 15, 30 kg ha-1). Effect of P and S application was significant on N2 fixation and seed yield of chickpea. Phosphorus application had non significant effect on percent nitrogen derived from air (%Ndfa) while that of S application had significant effect resulting in increase in %Ndfa up to 6 percent. Application of P and S resulted in significant increase in seed yield up to 34 and 13 percent, respectively over control. Macronutrients uptake such as N, P and S in both straw and grain was significantly affected by sole as well as combined application of phosphorus and sulphur. Two S sources also differed significantly with higher uptake recorded with AS than gypsum. Application of S resulted in increased uptake of micronutrients such as zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) in both straw and grain. Similar results were also recorded for P with the exception that higher level of P application (80 kg P2O5 ha-1) resulted in decrease in Zn uptake in both grain and straw. Soil analysis after crop harvest revealed that application of P caused an increase in available P level up to 37 percent over control while that of S application resulted in reduction up to 10 percent. Reduction in soil S content up to 3 percent due to P application and an increase up to 30 percent was recorded because of S application. Sulphur status of gypsum treated plots was higher than that of ammonium sulphate. Higher value cost ratio (VCR) and marginal rate of return (MRR) was recorded for gypsum than ammonium sulphate. In case of combined application of P and S, maximum VCR (6.92) and MRR (9.50) were recorded for P1L1 (40 kg P2O5 and 15 kg S ha-1). Treatment P2L2 (80 kg P2O5 and 30 kg S ha-1) had negative MRR which shows that this fertilizer combination is not profitable. The study concludes that P application should be accompanied with S for pulses. This will lead to increase in fertility status of our soils resulting from more efficient N2 fixation. It will not only improve the quality of produce but will also lead to sustainability of soil resources. Gypsum is more economical S source than ammonium sulphate.
مولانا صدر الدین اصلاحی افسوس ہے کہ ۱۳؍ نومبر ۱۹۹۸ء کو ہندو پاک کے مشہور عالم و مصنف، جماعت اسلامی کے ممتاز رہنما اور مدرستہ الاصلاح کے مایہ ناز فرزند مولانا صدرالدین اصلاحی انتقال فرماگئے، اناﷲ وانا الیہ راجعون۔ وہ عرصہ سے بیمار اور موتوا قبل ان تموتوا کی تفسیر بن گئے تھے۔ ان کی ولادت ۱۹۱۶ء میں ہوئی، ان کا تعلق اعظم گڑھ کے ایک گاؤں سیدھا سلطان پور سے تھا، جہاں افغانستان کے زئی قبیلہ کے پٹھان آباد ہیں، مولانا محمد شفیع بانی مدرستہ الاصلاح کا تعلق بھی اسی خاندان اور گاؤں سے تھا۔ علامہ شبلیؒ کے وطن بندول میں ان کی نانہال تھی۔ یہیں رہ کر انہوں نے بلریا گنج سے مڈل پاس کیا، پھر عربی تعلیم کے حصول کے لیے مدرستہ الاصلاح میں داخل ہوئے، طالب علمی کے زمانے میں وہ اور ان کے ایک دوست مولانا محمد عاصم اصلاحی جو ان سے ایک درجہ آگے تھے، اپنی ذہانت و صلاحیت کی وجہ سے پورے مدرسہ میں ممتاز تھے، تعلیم مکمل کرنے کے بعد اول الذکر پٹھان کوٹ اور موخرالذکر دارالعلوم دیوبند چلے گئے مگر ان کی آمد و رفت ایک دوسرے کے ہاں ہوتی رہتی تھی، بعد میں ان کی راہیں مختلف ہوگئی تھیں، اسی لیے جب ملتے تو خوب طنز و تعریض اور فقرے بازی ہوتی، طالب علمی میں یہ دونوں حضرات اپنے استاد مولانا نجم الدین اصلاحی کے بڑے چہیتے تھے، انہوں نے اپنی کتاب ’’یادگار سلف‘‘ میں دونوں کا ذکر بڑے والہانہ انداز میں کیا ہے، مولانا صدرالدین صاحب کے متعلق لکھتے ہیں: ’’ان میں سے ایک عزیز محترم مولوی صدرالدین اصلاحی سلمہ کی ذات ہے جو اپنی خداداد ذہانت اور فطری صلاحیت کے اعتبار سے (چشم بددور) آپ اپنی نظیر ہیں اور جن کی عزت و محبت میرے دل کی گہرائیوں میں ہے اور آیندہ زندگی میں...
In the Holy Quran, Allah has mentioned many such social rules that are very important for the peace & stability of a society and welfare of human beings. This article will not only highlight the word “La'allakum” in terms of meaning, diction and eloquence but also explain its usage for different purposes. Apart from this, in this article light will be thrown on such social rules that have been defined under the word “La'allakum" along with its philosophy and their implementations in the present era.
Stripe rust or yellow rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici is an economically important disease of wheat in Pakistan and U.S.A. Present study was carried out to evaluate the diversity of virulences in pathogen populations of both countries. Additionally molecular markers were employed to study genetic diversity of stripe rust fungus. To control the disease, wheat genetic resources were tested for resistance in Pakistan and U.S.A. to enhance cultivar improvement efforts. To observe virulence pattern of stripe rust under field conditions, trap nursery consisting of wheat stripe rust differentials, near isogenic lines and commercial varieties were planted at four locations; Pirsabak, Islamabad, Faisalabad and Sakrand in Pakistan. Results revealed that genes Yr3, Yr5, Yr10, Yr15, Yr26, YrSP and YrCV were effective under field conditions. The adult plant resistance (APR) gene Yr18 showed moderate resistance. This early warning will serve as guideline to incorporate diverse sources of resistance in future wheat cultivars. The virulence testing of 55 Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (PST) isolates (46 from Pakistan and 9 from United States) was carried out. Avirulence to the genes Yr5 and YrSp was common among all collected isolates from both countries. Additionally isolates collected within Pakistan showed avirulence to differential genotypes carrying gene(s) Yr10, Yr15,YrCV(Yr32) and (Yr10, YrMor). The pathogen races from United States were avirulent to genes Yr5, Yr15 and YrSP whereas exhibited lower frequency to differential genotypes containing gene(s) Yr1,Yr25, (Yr3a, YrD, YrDru), YrTye and Yr17+.Virulence profile implied that the pathogen populations from both countries have moderately common virulence pattern. Clustering based on virulence data grouped contemporary isolates together and revealed high genetic diversity among pathotypes of both countries. Molecular studies of same set of 55 isolates (46 from Pakistan and 9 from United States) were also carried out. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) and sequence tagged site (STS) markers revealed higher diversity based on Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) value and Marker Index (MI). PIC and MI was higher for SSRs (0.78 and 139.51, respectively) than STS marker system (0.04 & 0.29, respectively). Dendrogram based on molecular marker data grouped together contemporary pathotypes showing their genetic similarity. Appearance of PST races from Pakistan and USA in same cluster indicated the common ancestory among pathogen population. Furthermore, lower correlation (r=0.08) between virulence and molecular diversity was observed showing independence of both trends of diversity Resistance testing of 115 wheat land races originally collected from Pakistan was carried out at seedling stage with total 7 pathotypes of the pathogen, 4 from the U.S. and 3 from Pakistan. The germplasm showed lack of all-stage resistance. Only two genotypes were resistant against all pathotypes. Adult-plants of the wheat genotypes were also tested at high-temperatures under green house and field conditions in at Pullman and Mount Vernon, Washington in the U.S. The greenhouse and field tests revealed that the majority of the wheat landraces possess high temperature adult plant (HTAP) resistance against stripe rust. These landraces should be useful genetic resources for the U.S. and Pakistan where climatic conditions are suitable for the expression of the durable type of resistance. Under field conditions and greenhouse studies for stripe rust resistance in Pakistan revealed that Synthetic Hexaploids have seedling resistance with few possible genes; Yr3, Yr5, Yr10, Yr15, YrSP and YrCV. Whereas testing of advanced lines and Chines Cultivars showed adult plant resistance under field conditions, and majority was susceptible at seedling stage. Both type of resistance sources; seedling and adult plant durable resistance studied in wheat germplasm of Pakistan offer diverse sources of resistance and promising genetic stock for accumulating seedling and adult plant resistance to acquire durable and long lasting resistance against stripe rust pathogen.