Whey, a byproduct of cheese industry is generally discarded due to lack of expertise to convert it into various products in Pakistan. As a dairy effluent its COB and BOD values is 60 to 80 and 30 to 50 g/L respectively due to a high organic load. In the present investigation, a little effort is being carried out to pasteurize (by LTLT and HTST process), concentrate (38 & 48%) and convert it into powder (dried at 160 and 180°C) to conserve and increase the shelf life of whey, which later on can be used in different products. The use of membrane filtration to transform the whey into concentrate was not considered in this study because of its unavailability in Pakistan. The impact of selected processing techniques on the whey attributes was studied through various physicochemical, SDS-PAGE and RP-HPLC analysis. The pasteurized and concentrated whey samples were stored at low temperatures (4°C for pasteurized whey and 4°C, -20°C for concentrated) for the period of 7 and 60 days respectively. The powder samples after vacuum packaging were stored at room temperature for 6 months. The analysis showed that the raw whey contained fat (0.3%), protein (0.76%), NPN (0.15%), lactose (4.76%), total solids (6.2%) and ash (0.43%) contents. From the results of pasteurization, it was concluded that LTLT is the better option for whey pasteurization considering the protein denaturation through NPN, SDS and RP-HPLC studies. The concentrated whey (CW) samples showed the increase in acidity (0.22%), NPN (0.116%) and decrease in pH (0.9), fat (0.05%), protein (0.018%), lactose (7.37%), total solids (3.37%) during 60 days storage period. The viscosity of CW increased (640 to 654cP) during storage. The SDS-PAGE chromatogram and RP-HPLC profile of CW showed the 54% denaturation level in α-Lb and 61-84% in β-Lg. For the whey powder (WP) production, CW @ 48% was used and dried by the spray drying process at two (160 and 180°C) inlet temperatures. It was found that moisture content of whey powder increased 4.11 to 5.22%, acidity from 2.30 to 2.50%, lactose content decreased from 66 to 61%, NPN increased (0.14%), foam stability decreased (0.52) mL, turbidity increased from 54 to 63% in WP for samples dried at 160°C and 65 to 75% at 180°C. WPNI of whey sample was in the range 4 to 5mg/g. SDS-PAGE indicated the dimmer and aggregate formation near 36 kDa and 70kDa bands due to protein denaturation. The intensity of these bands increased with the temperature and storage period. The RP-HPLC profile indicated that βLg denatured up to 94% at 160°C and 52% at 180°C. The native structure of BSA and CMP was less affected by spray drying. It is concluded from the present effort that the LTLT and concentration at 48% are better the production of pasteurized and concentrated whey. Regarding the condition for the production of powder, the 160°C is the good option for getting the powder with good foaming capacity, turbidity, and solubility point of view; however for the foam stability and other properties 180°C would be the preferred temperature.
نکل کر خانقاہوں سے ادا کر رسم شبیری رشی کے فاقوں سے ٹوٹا نہ برہمن کا طِلسم عصا نہ ہو تو کلیمی ہے کارِ بے بنیاد معاشرہ وہی مستحسن قرار دیا جاسکتا ہے جس میں عدل و انصاف ، مساوات، اخوت و ہمدردی ، مرّوت، بھائی چار ہ جیسی اخلاقی صفات عروج پر ہوں اور بے راہ روی ، اقرباء پروری ، رشوت ستانی ، انارکی جیسی غیر اخلاقی اور خصائل قبیحہ کا قلع قمع ہو چکا ہو ایسے معاشرے کا وجود پوری انسانیت کے لیے نعمت غیر مترقبہ سے کم نہیں ہوتا۔ اور ایسے معاشرے کے وجود کے استحکام کے لیے آسمانی مخلوق کارہائے نمایاں سرانجام نہیں دیتی بلکہ اس خطہ سے تعلق رکھنے والے لوگ ہی آگے بڑھتے ہیں اور حسنِ معاشرہ میں مشاطگی کرتے ہوئے عظیم سے عظیم تر اقوام کی تخلیق کا سبب بنتے ہیں۔ خدا داد صلاحیت کے حامل لوگ اللہ اور اس کے رسول صلی اللہ علیہ و آلہٖ وسلم کی رضا کی خاطر یہ فریضہ سرانجام دیتے ہیں۔ مُصَلَّا بیچ کر خنجر خرید اے زاہدؔ ناداں فقیری سے تری ٹکرانے کو یہ بادشاہی ہے حدیث رسول مقبول صلی اللہ علیہ و آلہٖ وسلم ہے کہ اگر تم میں سے کوئی برائی دیکھے تو اس پر لازم ہے کہ وہ اس کو اپنے ہاتھ سے منع کرے، اگر وہ اپنے آپ کو اس اہل نہیں سمجھتا تو پھر اپنی زبان سے منکرات کی مخالفت کرے اور پھر اگر وہ ایسا کرنے سے بھی اپنے آپ کو قاصر تصور کرتا ہے تو پھر اپنے دل سے ہی اس کو برا جانے اور یہ اس کے کمزور ایمان کی علامت ہے۔ برائی سے مراد صرف یہ نہیں ہے کہ شراب خانہ پر نظر پڑے تو برائی ہے، چور کو چوری کرتے دیکھو تو یہ برائی ہے، ڈاکو کو ڈاکہ زنی میں...
This research aims to explore various features of Syyidah some highlights paper This. Personage noble s'(ر الله عا) ishah‘A’ distinguished aspects of her biographical account, her extraordinary intelligence, eminent rank amongst other wives of the Prophet Muḥammad (r), excellence over women of the world and being mentioned in the Qur’ān for her praiseworthy character. The scholarly areas, in which, she outshone others in Islamic intellectual heritage, include the Quranic exegesis, Ḥadīth narratives, jurisprudence, scholastic reasoning: analysis of jurisprudential methodology and principles of deduction of rulings and opinions. She adopted multifarious modes in this regards including explicit, direct, generalized, inductive and analogous approaches in the Islamic intellectual scholarship. By acknowledged was (ر الله عا) ishah‘A of grandeur The the companions of the Prophet, her scholarly point of view in conciliation of the problems of the Qur'ān and Ḥadīth made her stand out amongst all. She was a keen researcher, peaceful preacher and the greatest scholar of Islām of all times. Her knowledge and command over religious and social matters made her one of the most reliable experts of the Qur'ān, Ḥadīth and Fiqh. Such was her stature as the archangel Jibrā’īl presented his salutation to her.
This study was carried out to determine the effects of three types of humic acids (HA1 and HA2 and HA3) and different humic acid concentrations (0, 250 and 500 mg L-1) on seed germination of ten halophytic species under two thermoperiods (10/20 and 20/30 oC); two photoperiods (12/12h dark/light and 24h dark) and two NaCl treatments (nonsaline control vs. salinity reported to induce 50% germination inhibition, respectively). Humic acid did not seem to alleviate seed germination of most halophytes under nonsaline conditions at sub-optimal thermoperiod (10/20 oC) except for Aeluropus lagopoides andArthrocnemum macrostachyum. Humic acid alleviated seed germination of Urochondra setulosa in the presence of light (12/12h; light/dark photoperiod) under saline conditions. Lower concentration (250 mg L-1) of the three humic acid types improved seed germination of Aeluropus lagopoides, Cyperus conglomeratus, Desmostachya bipinnata, Halopeslis. perfoliata, Pharagmites karka under saline conditions in the absence of light. However, all humic acids at 500 mg L-1 alleviated the salinity effects on seed germination of Sporobolus ioclados. Humic acid treatments could partly substitute the light requirement of few halophyte seeds germinated under saline conditions. The role of humic acid (HA1) was also studied on the seedling growth, water relations, ion regulation and photochemistry of Urochondra setulosa under saline conditions (0, 300 and 600 mM NaCl). Plants maintained water use efficiency regardless of increasing NaCl concentrations but the increase in Na+ was counter-balanced by lowering Na+/K+ ratios of root and shoot. Selective absorption of K+ over Na+ was improved by humic acid in both NaCl treatments where as, K+ over Na+ transport was improved only in 600 mM NaCl. Humic acid improved electron transport rate (rETR) and Non-photochemical quenching of fluorescence (NPQ) at 600 mM NaCl. Humic acid treatment improved anti-oxidant defense at cellular level by decreasing the percentage of blue stained cells, malondialdehyde (MDA),and hydrogen peroxide(H2O2) in leaves under saline conditions. Humic acid application appears to be a low cost bio-stimulant for enhancing seed germination and growth of halophytes under saline conditions.