Cobalt ferrite, having an inverse spinel structure and the inherent properties of high coercivity, moderate saturation magnetization and high electrical resistivity, is a potential candidate for magnetic storage devices and high frequency applications. In the present study, cobalt ferrite has been doped with various dopants like Cr, rare earths (Sm, Ho, Er, Dy and Pr) and Zr co-doped with Mg, Mn and Ni, in order to improve the electrical and magnetic properties while maintaining a spinel structure and moderate saturation magnetization values a micro-emulsion method of preparation in which a cheap surfactant, namely polyethylene glycol, has been used. The formation of spinel phase occurs between 573 and 673K as indicated by the thermal analyses (TG/DTA), but a well crystalline and stable spinel phase is achieved at 1073K as evident from the powder X-ray diffraction studies of the synthesized samples. All the doped cobalt ferrite samples are in single spinel phase as confirmed by XRD and magnetic susceptibility measurements. The average crystallite sizes of the doped cobalt ferrite samples are in the range of 13 nm to 70 nm. The elemental composition of doped cobalt ferrites is confirmed by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis which shows an agreement between the theoretical and experimental compositions of the prepared samples. Electrical resistivity as measured at 293K the by two point probe method is found to have a value of 1.25 × 106 Ωm for un-doped cobalt ferrite which is enhanced by doping with Cr, Zr-Mg, Zr-Mn and Zr- Ni. For small contents of rare earth metal cations introduced into spinel lattice of cobalt ferrite the electrical resistivity (at 293K) increases to a larger extent due to insulating nature of rare earth oxides. The variation in electrical resistivity with composition and temperature has been discussed on the basis of hopping model of electron conduction in ferrites. The activation energy of hopping and drift mobility of the charge carrier is calculated from the resistivity data. The dielectric properties are measured by inductance capacitance resistance (LCR) meter in the frequency range of 100Hz – 1MHz and dielectric constant (έ), dielectric loss angle (tanδ) and dielectric loss factor ( ε ′′ ) are calculated from the capacitance data. These dielectric parameters are found to decrease with increasing frequency. This behaviour is typical of ferrites as explained by Koop’s model. The dielectric constant (έ) and the dielectric losses of the un-doped cobalt ferrite have been reduced by doping in the present work. Curie temperature has been determined from the low field AC-magnetic susceptibility measurements and was found to increase for specific contents of dopants as compared to the un-doped cobalt ferrite while for others a lower value of Curie temperature was observed. Saturation magnetization has been increased by doping with Cr up to x = 0.5, Zr-Mn content x = 0.1, Sm content x = 0.04 and Er content x = 0.08 while for the rest of compositions the saturation magnetization has been decreased as compared to the un-doped cobalt ferrite sample. Beside this, the coercivity of the materials prepared in the present study has been increased by doping rare earth metal cations, while it has been reduced by Cr and Zr co-doped with Mg, Mn and Ni, in cobalt ferrites. The reduction in magnetization has been discussed in terms of dilution of magnetization, crystallite size effects and the spin canting introduced by the dopants at octahedral sites.
حیات و تعلیم: ظفر اقبال27 ستمبر، 1932ء کو بہاولنگر ، پاکستان میں پیدا ہوئے۔ ان کے والد چک نمبر 49/3Rضلع اوکاڑہ کے ایک معزز زمیندار تھے۔ ظفر اقبال نے ابتدائی تعلیم بہاولنگر سے حاصل کی اور میٹرک ایم سی ہائی اسکول اوکاڑہ سے 1950ء میں کیا۔ انٹرمیڈیٹ کا امتحان ایف سی کالج لاہور اور بی اے گورنمنٹ کالج لاہور سے کیا۔ ظفر اقبال نے ایل ایل بی کا امتحان لا کالج جامعہ پنجاب سے پاس کیا۔ وکالت کا امتحان پاس کرنے کے بعد انہوں نے اوکاڑہ کچہری میں پریکٹس شروع کر دی۔ وہ ایک بار اوکاڑہ ایسوسی ایشن اور دو مرتبہ پریس کلب اوکاڑہ کے صدر بھی رہے۔ اس دوران انہوں نے قومی سیاست میں بھرپور طریقے سے حصہ لیا۔ 1977ء کے انتخابات میں ظفر اقبال نے نیشنل عوامی پارٹی کی طرف سے راؤ خورشید علی خاں (پاکستان پیپلز پارٹی کے نامزد امیدوار) کے مقابلے میں الیکشن لڑا لیکن کامیاب نہ ہو سکے۔ ادبی خدمات: پرائمری کے دوران ان کی طبیعت شاعری کے لیے موزوں ہو چکی تھی، کیونکہ ان کے استاد نور احمد انجم قریشی جو خود بھی شاعر تھے بچوں کو بطور املا اشعار لکھ کر دیتے۔ ظفر اقبال آٹھویں جماعت تک کلیات میر اور دیوانِ غالب کا بھرپور مطالعہ کر چکے تھے۔ شفیق الرحمن کی تحریریں پڑھ کر ان کے اندر لکھنے کی تحریک پیدا ہوئی۔ انہوں نے غزل کے پیرائے میں فنی اور موضوعاتی سطح پر روایت شکنی کے حوالے سے اپنی ایک الگ اور بھرپور پہچان بنائی۔ اْن کے پہلے شعری مجموعے آب رواں کو عوام اور خواص، ہردو حلقوں میں بے حد پزیرائی ملی۔ اس کے بعد انہوں شعری تجربات کا سلسلہ نہ صرف جاری رکھا بلکہ اسے بام عروج تک پہنچایا۔ 1973ء میں انہوں نے پہلا کالم سرور سکھیرا کے پرچے دھنک کے لیے لکھا۔ ان کے مختلف اخبارات میں...
إعداد الباحث: بندر بن أحمد بن ثابت عاتي: قسم الكتاب والسنة، كلية الدعوة وأصول الدين، جامعة أم القرى، المملكة العربية السعودية
الملخص:
إن من جملة المناسك ما حدَّه النبي من المواقيت المكانية التي لا تجوز مجاوزتها بغير إحرام منها لمريد الحج أو العمرة، وإن المواقيت المكانية ذات أهمية كبيرة؛ ويقع الكثير من المسلمين في حرج وإشكال؛ لعدم فقههم بمسائل الحج والعمرة، فربما لا يتم حجه، وربما تجب عليهم الفدية، وهذا تحديداً ما يحاول الباحث قراءته بشكل تحليلي، ولذلك فقد قام الباحث بتحليل الأحاديث الواردة في المواقيت المكانية ، مع بيان المسائل الفقهية ودراستها دراسةً موضوعيةً، وخرجت الدراسة بعدة نتائج منها: وجوب الإحرام من المواقيت، ومن تركه عليه دم. وأنَّ المواقيت توقيفية لا تجوز مجاوزتها لمريد النسك. ومشروعية المحاذاة وأنها معتبرة. وأنَّ مدار الخلاف في مسألة هل جدة ميقات، هو بيان المقصود بالمحاذاة. أن جدة ليست ميقاتًا إلا لأهلها ومن حاذاها من الغرب. وأن المواقيت لأهلها ولمن مرَّ عليها من غير أهلها. جواز الإحرام من الطائرات والسفن بالمحاذاة.
الكلمات المفتاحية: أركان الإسلام، الحج، مناسك الحج، المواقيت المكانية
The availability of low-cost video cameras and digital media storage has invited huge investments in developing state-of-the-art algorithms that automatically evaluate and understand video datasets. One such class of algorithm is object tracking which analyzes the data and automatically determines the location of the object in a video sequence. As these algorithms are a prelude to a higher level decision making algorithms, therefore estimation of the trajectory of the object must be accurate and robust under many challenging constraints. A very popular class of object tracking algorithm is the hybrid object tracking category based on integrating Meanshift (MS) and Particle Filter (PF) (MSPF). The purpose of this integration was to overcome the limitation of the PF methods that required a large number of samples/particles PF method to approximate the object state. Consequently, this integration uses the MS optimization procedure to move fewer particles, in the direction of gradient ascent, which represents the dynamics of the target more accurately. The existing methods employ a pre-determined combination of features, inherently assuming that the background would not change. However in uncontrolled environment, it is difficult to specify the background of the object in advance as it moves around the field of view of the camera and thereof this assumption may not often hold. Moreover, hybrid tracking systems based on the MSPF methodology are very compute intensive and it is desirable to reduce this complexity. In the first part of this research, the dissertation aims to investigate an adaptive multi-feature framework that is implemented on top of the MSPF methodology that tracks the object in the local perspective. Essentially that takes care of the dynamic and changing characteristic of the background, which is one of the most important challenges in the object tracking domain. In this research work, an Adaptive Multi-Feature framework is proposed and implemented on top of the MSPF methodology (AMF-MSPF). An adaptive ranking module is proposed that is triggered after a certain criteria is violated, in which case a new set of features are selected for tracking the object. The top ranked features are selected to represent the object, which gives the tracker the ability to adapt to locate the object with an upgraded set of feature. Consequently, this improved local discrimination of the target from its immediate neighboring pixels. In most applications a small portion of computational resources are dedicated to trackers and rest is reserved for higher level decision making tasks, which mandate trackers to be efficient and less complex. Thereby, the second part of the dissertation looks into the complexity of the MSPF methodology. As the MSPF methodology is already a computationally intensive processing task, implementing a feature ranking module on top of it might complicate matters. The feature ranking module also requires a significant portion of the power, thereby a novel MS technique is proposed to free some resources for the ranking module. This novelty comes from an observation that only a fraction of random samples were required by the MS optimization to approximate the similarity metric without inducing significant error. This computational reduction would be advantageous given the complex integration of the MS and PF, because the MS procedure is directly proportional to the number of particles that would take many MS iterations to converge. The proposed novelty in the MS method has reduced its complexity that has greatly impacting the overall complexity of the proposed AMF-MSPF. The proposed AMF-MSPF framework is tested on sequences from the CAVIAR datasets such as Browse and Walkbyshop1and an s8 sequence was taken from the PET dataset. These datasets are known for a number of challenging constraints such as abrupt intensity variations, full occlusions, cluttered background etc. Qualitative results have shown robust and accurate tracking under stringent constraints. In the quantitative analysis, a comparison with the existing methods has been carried out. The proposed framework has shown significant improvements in terms of root mean square error (RMSE), false alarm rate (FAR), and F-SCORE. The average RMSE, FAR, and F_SCORE, over all the video sets, of the proposed AMF-MSPF are 8.68, 0.15, and 0.92, which has improved manifold as compared to the chosen reference methods. Experimental results have proved the effectiveness of the proposed framework.