Experiment of essential oils and other chemicals on infested colonies of honey bee apiary the present study was conducted and three experiments laid out under completely Randomized design (CRD) 2 ways factorial during 2014 and 2015 at The University of Agriculture, Peshawar Pakistan. In these experiments there were taxonomic studies of varroa mites on Apis mellifera in different region of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa byusing De Guzman and Fernandez and C0ineau, 2007 key for identificati0n of the mite samples i.e. length and width (b0dy size), locati0n of seta, shape, size (i.e. bristle hair, stiff) on d0rsal shield, chaet0taxy and structure 0f the sterna, ana1, metap0dal, and epigyna1 shie1ds, periterme, morpho1ogy of setae 0n the 1egs and pa1ps it arrangement and number were 0bserved. M0re than 1000 specimen of mites were c0llected from different regi0n of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (i.e. Peshawar, Mardan, K0hat and Chitra1). The present study resu1ted that the specimens were Varr0a destruct0r, however, no specimen of Varr0a jacobs0ni were rec0rded during Chaet0taxy and morphologica1 studied. During 2014 by using different essentia1 0ils and 0ther chemica1s i.e. euca1yptus 0il, basi10il, geranium 0il, spearmint 0il, r0semary 0il, f0rmic acid 65%, fluva1inate strips, icing sugar dusting and contro1 were used t0 find 0ut the efficacy of these 0ils and chemica1s. The experiment was divided in different parameters i.e. adu1t w0rker and brood of h0ney bees in m0nth of March- April and in September. Efficacy of r0semary 0il pr0ved best and significant results where the percent reducti0n of varr0a mites in m0nth of March –April during year 2014 the percent reducti0n on adu1t w0rker and brood 0f h0ney bees were 96.45% and 96.25% similar trend were 0bserved in f0rmic acid 65% where the mite reducti0n on adult w0rker and broods were 95.10%and 93.58%, fluva1inate strip 87.46% and 90.08%, icing sugar dusting 86.62% and 88.85%, spearmint 0il 84.62% and 87.86%, eucalyptus oil 83.63% and 72.57%, geranium 0il 81.05% and 76.10%, and basi1 0il 78.53% and 74.59% respectively. In m0nth of September during 2014 the reducti0n of varroa mites ofinfested co1onies of h0ney bee once again rosemary oil gave best results on adult workers and brood with the mean on third treatment was 96.32% and 93.33% followed by f0rmic acid 65% with mean 0f 96.26% and 82.99%, icing sugar dusting 91.06% and 81.73%, fluvalinate strip 86.96% and 78.28%, spearmint 0il 86.42% and 72.17%, basil oil 81.84% and 73.06%, geranium 0il 79.62% and 67.65% and euca1yptus 0il 76.49% and 71.62% respectively. Application of different essentia1 0ils and chemicals on infested colonies of honey bee i.e. adult worker and broodduring year 2015, in month of March and Aprilagain rosemary oil gave better results on both adult worker and brood of honey bees with mean reduction of 95.93% and 94.67%, similar trend was observed in formic acid 65% with the mean of 95.12% and 93.04%, fluvalinate strips 93.91% and 92.13%, icing sugar dusting 91.09% and 89.09%, spearmint oil 88.84% and 84.83%, basil oil 86.80% and 84.24%, geranium oil 85.06% and 81.52% and eucalyptus oil 82.47% and 81.89% vi respectively. In month of September during year 2015 rosemary oil on adult worker and brood the maximum percent reduction were observed with the mean on third treatment was 91.37% and 89.97%, whereas similar results were followed by formic acid 65% where mean were 89.93% and 93.96%, icing sugar dusting 82.77% and 86.60%, spearmint oil 82.73% and 92.52%, fluvalinate strip 79.57% and 85.75%, basil oil 72.68% and 82.74%, geranium oil 72.21% and 82.07% and eucalyptus oil 70.01% and 82.31% respectively. In both year 2014 and 2015during month of March- April and September interaction of oil, year and treatment, rosemary oil proved best amongst all essential oils and chemical and significantly different from control followed by formic acid 65%, fluvalinate strips, icing sugar dusting, spearmint oil, basil oil, geranium oil and eucalyptus oil. When year 2014 and 2015 were compared during both season March –April and September year 2015 proved best and gave maximum percent reduction of varroa mites on infested colonies of honey bees. By using GC-Mass to find out the residues in honey during year 2014 and 2015 eucalyptol in eucalyptus oil was (0.006 µg/g and 0.00 µg/g ), bernol in basil was (0.025 µg/g and 0.00 µg/g), geranol in geranium 0il (0.13 µg/g and 0.13 µg/g), menth0l in spearmint oil (0.23 µg/g and 0.028 µg/g), linalool in rosemary oilwas (1.04 µg/g and 0.01 µg/g), in formicacid 65% the level was 81 and fluvalinate strip the level was below 50ppb which is accepted by the Environmental protection agency EPA, European Agency for Evaluation of Medical product (EMEA), Swiss food legislation, as well as European Union council Regulation (EEC). In conclusion, taxonomic studied showed that specimens from Pakistan indicated Varroa destructor not V. jacobsoni. Similarly Rosemary essential 0il was found the effective against Varroa destructor in honey bee (Apis mellifera) and significantly different as compare with formic acid (65%), fluva1inate strips, and icing sugar dusting, spearmint oil against Varroa mite populations in honey bee colonies in a context of essential oils. Further by there is no residues were found in h0ney. All the above outcomes provided essential information needed for decision making regarding the use of essentia1 0ils and other chemicals for the integrated management of Varroa destructor.
دنیا بڑی مکار ہر دم رہیں چوکنا یار اکھاں کھول ٹریں دلدار کسے وی تینوں معاف نہیں کرنا پھر توں رونا دکھڑے جرنا خالی بھانڈا عقل دا بھرنا فیر سوچنا اے بیکار اس دنیا نوں سمجھ توں بھائی اندر وڑ کے کرن صفائی رب رسول دی بات بھلائی ایہہ دنیا ہے بڑی مکار ایہہ دنیا سب دھوکے بازی عشق مجازی تلکن بازی نہ اوہ شہید تے نہ اوہ غازی دنیا نال جو کردا پیار ہر پاسے ہے افراتفری پھردی اے ابلیس دی نفری زندگی ہر دی اوکھی بسری نہ ملیا چین قرار گھر گھر ہوندی پئی بدخوئی مہر محبت اُٹھ گیوئی ہر دم دیندا یار دھروئی توبہ اللہ استغفار
بھانویں گھر وچ ہون نہ دانے کیبل چلدی ، وجدے گانے ٹر گئے یار اوہ لوگ سیانے آوے گھنگرو دی چھنکار
رناں روز بازار نوں جاون اوتھے جا ایہہ خوشیاں پاون کھڑ کھڑ ہسن ناں شرماون ہوون ناں اوتھے بیزار
شادیاں دے کیہو جئے وطیرے داج چ منگن موتی ہیرے کھجل ہوون سب بے پیرے پر نہیں کر دے گفتار کڑیاں منڈے کالج پڑھدے ہر کوئی تکے نکلدے وڑدے چنگے لوکی ویکھ کے سڑدے میری توبہ ہے لکھ وار
مطلب دی ہن رہ گئی یاری مہر محبت اٹھ گئی ساری ہر نے جانا وارو واری قبر کریندی نت پکار
بھرے بازار مسیتاں خالی اُجڑے باغ تے روون مالی ہر جا ہوئی اے بدحالی ہووے شالا فضل غفار
مسجد نوں آباد نہ کردے ڈیریاں دے وچ حقے دھردے رب رسول توں مول...
This article is an attempt to elaborate the phenomenon of equilibrium prevailing everywhere in the microcosmic and macrocosmic systems associated with universal stability and rhythm. It has been accentuated what is beautifully illuminated in the beginning verses of Sūrah Al-Rahmān successively regarding balance that invites one’s thought towards the well controlled cosmic system as well as with the concept of balance by means of different manners as identified by exegetes and scholars concerning daily life i.e. From simple and common to that of complex issues and intricacies. Qualitative method has been employed for this research while some aspects have also been handled in accordance with quantitative approach. Article also emphasized the series of cause and effect nexus may be declared as self explanatory episode an indication towards a Supreme Force whose widespread control and interference can’t be denied rationally. Sūrah beautifully pictured the physical and metaphysical sketch of balance having many dimensions from man to universe and vice versa as well as from both towards Ultimate Reality whose dominion is limitless where one has to follow peaceful living and to put oneself aside indulging any disruption from ordinary clash to that of nuclear war to be waged.
Organic semiconductors have been the subject of intense scientific investigation for the past 50 years. Applications of these materials include chemical, physical and biological sensors, electronic, and photonic devices. Low cost production of these devices is possible by using thermal evaporation, centrifugation, spin coating and drop casting technologies. This thesis describes fabrication and characterization of organic semiconductor sensors for temperature, humidity and light measurements using novel organic materials. Different types of commercially available organic dyes have been used as active materials to fabricate sensors. In the first part of the thesis, humidity sensors have been fabricated using CuPc/NiPc thin films deposited by drop casting and centrifugation. Another type of humidity sensor based on VOPcPhO, Alq3 and their composites have also been fabricated by spin coating technique, wherein organic films have been grown over a substrate having pre-fabricated aluminum electrodes. Optimum ratio of VOPcPhO and Alq3 has been identified to achieve best capacitive and resistive response of the sensor. In the second part, optical sensors from composite films of NiPc:CoPc (1:1) have been fabricated by drop casting and centrifugation on a ceramic alumina substrate having surface-type interdigitated Ag electrodes. Variation in impedance and capacitance w.r.t. illumination have been measured. Another type of optical sensors based on organic photodiodes (OPDs), using composite ZnPc:PC71BM dye, have been fabricated and characterized. The optimum ratio of ZnPc:PC71BM (1:0.8) has been determined by detecting photocurrent density with respect to varied illumination levels of impinging light at different reverse biased conditions of the optical sensors. Moreover, the light to dark current density ratio (Jph/Jd) of the devices has been evaluated along with the transient photo-current density response to assess their sensitivity. In the third part, organic field effect transistors (OFETs) functioning as temperature/humidity senors (referred to as multi-functional sensors) have been fabricated xi using orange dye (OD) and its composite OD:sugar at positive (+1 g) and negative (-1 g) gravities by drop casting. It has been observed that in drop casting method, properties of OFET sensors are dependent upon gravity as well as solution composition employed for OFETs channel definition. Additionally, OFETs have been fabricated by depositing NiPc of varying thickness (100-300 nm) and semi-transparent thin films of aluminum in sequence by vacuum evaporation on a glass substrate having silver source and drain electrodes. It has been observed that the drain current of OFETs increases with increase in radiation intensity, and the OFETs having 200 nm thick NiPc film, exhibited better performance compared to 100 nm and 300 nm thick films. For temperature evaluation, it has been noticed that the reduction in the impedance is higher when thickness of the film is decreased. It has also been demonstrated that for improved performance, as a temperature sensor, the OFET channel film should be ∼100 nm.