طاقت کا زور ،حاکم اور محکوم میں فاصلہ
ہمارا ہمیشہ سے یہ المیہ رہا ہے کہ ہم اس حقیقت کو بھول جاتے ہیں کہ دنیا فانی ہے۔ ہر شے زوال پذیر ہو جائے گی۔ پھر بھی قوت و اقتدار کے ملتے ہی ہم خود کو طاقتور گردانتے ہوئے اپنی زندگی کو حقیقت سے دور لے جاتے ہیں۔ ماضی کے دریچوں سے اگر جھانکیں تو بے شمار ایسے واقعات ملیں گے مگر عصر حاضر میں بھی اس میں شدت بڑھتی ہی گئی۔ خاص طور پر مشرقی ممالک میں حاکم اور محکوم کے درمیان بڑھتے ہوئے فاصلے ہیں کہ جس کے نتیجے میں عام عوام کے خواب کانچ کی مانند ریزہ ریزہ ہو جاتے ہیں۔ ایسے چکنا چور کے جن کے شیشے آنکھوں اور ہاتھوں کو مزید چھلنی کر جاتے ہیں۔ دل میں نئی نئی امنگیںامیدیں سر اٹھاتی ہیں اوربالآخر گمنامی میں گم ہوجاتی ہیں۔ دل میں ہمیشہ یہ احساس ہوتا ہے ، کاش یہ اقتدار رکھنے والی قوتیں اس احساس کو ہمیشہ دامن گیر رکھتیں کہ اقتدار صرف اور صرف ایک ڈھلتے سائے کا نام ہے۔اقتدار نہ رہے گا تو خود کی زندگی بھی پھر دل میں آخری خواہش کی طرح سسکی کے ساتھ دم توڑ دے گی۔کاش وہ دن جان پاتے کہ اقتدار ایک آفتاب لب کوہ کا نام ہے۔ یہ حاکم و محکوم کے درمیان فاصلے آشوب قیامت برپا کیے ہوئے ہیں۔اقتدار رکھنے والی مقتدر قوتوں کو یہ علم ہونا چاہیے کہ عوام کی فلاح و اصلاح ہی ان کے اقتدار کا واحد جواز ہے۔انہوں نے بھی کہانی میں کچھ اس طرح ہی حاکم و محکوم کے فاصلے کا ذکر کیا ہے کہ کس طرح انگریزوں کی حکومت رہی ، ہندو اور مسلمان جو کہ آپس کے جھگڑوں میں بھی انگریز حکومت کے پابند تھے اور انگریز حکومت فیصلہ صادر کرنے...
Spirituality is usually understood as a way of being that flows from a certain profound experience of reality, which is known as ‘mystical’, ‘religious’, or ‘spiritual’ experience. There are numerous descriptions of this experience in the literature of the world’s religions, which tend to agree that it is a direct, non-intellectual experience of reality with some fundamental characteristics that are independent of cultural and historical contexts. Spiritual and scientific quests are two complementary inquiries into reality. Any feeling of antagonism between them is a product of a narrow vision. Science deals with what is measurable; religion is the quest for discovering and understanding the immeasurable. A scientist is not intelligent if he denies the existence of the immeasurable. There is nothing that is anti-science but there is a lot that is beyond science. The two quests have to go hand in hand. We not only need to have an understanding of the laws that govern the phenomena occurring in the external world around us but also we need to discover order and harmony in our consciousness. Human understanding is incomplete unless it covers both aspects of reality: matter as well as consciousness. Indeed the division between the scientific and spiritual quests is itself the creation of the human mind. Reality is one undivided whole which includes both matter and consciousness. Our thoughts, being limited by our experience, divide the external world from the inner world of our consciousness, in much the same way as our mind divides time from space though they are both two aspects of a single continuum۔
In the present research study, biosorption efficacy of agro-wastes (rice husk, bagasse, peanut husk, cotton sticks and wheat bran) for U, Zr and Sr removal from aqueous media was investigated. Rice husk, bagasse and peanut husk were selected as most efficient biosorbent for the removal of U, Zr and Sr ions respectively. These selected biomasses were subjected to different pre-treatments (Physical and chemical) and modifications (immobilization). Batch biosorption affecting parameters like pH, sorbent dose, initial metal ion concentration and temperature were optimized for native, pre-treated and immobilized biomasses to get maximum removal. Maximum biosorption capacity values were found at pH (4-5), (3-4) and (7-9) for U, Zr and Sr ions respectively for native, pre- treated and immobilized biomasses. The amount of metal ions sorbed (mg/g) decreased with increasing biosorbent dose and increased at higher initial metal ion concentration. Linear and non-linear regression forms of pseudo-first and second-order were studied and value of R2 and six non-linear regression error functions namely hybrid fractional error function (HYBRID), Marquardt’s percent standard deviation (MPSD), average relative error (ARE), sum of the errors squared (ERRSQ/SSE), sum of the absolute errors (EABS) and Chi-square test (χ2) were used to predict the most optimum kinetic model. Sorbent- sorbate reaction nature was estimated by fitting equilibrium data by non-linear and transformed linear forms of the Langmuir, Freundlich and Redlich-Peterson isotherms and most optimum isothermal model was optimized by comparing linear and non-linear R2 value and non-linear regression error functions. Calculated values of thermodynamic parameters i.e. ΔG ̊, ΔH ̊ and ΔS ̊ showed that studied processes are feasible and spontaneous. Response surface methodology using face-cantered central composite design was used to design experiments for biosorption of U(VI), Zr(IV) and Sr(II) ions onto biomasses. Significance of main, interaction and square effects of quadratic model was determined by ANOVA, F-test and p value. Adsorption/desorption studies showed that biosorbents can be reused successfully. Effect of interfering ions (cations & anions) on the removal efficiencies was studied. The column biosorption was also done and effect of bed height, flow rate and initial metal ion concentration was also studied by breakthrough curves and applying Bed Depth Service (BDST) and Thomas model. BET, SEM-EDX, TGA, XRD and FTIR analysis were carried out to characterize the biomasses. The whole study proved that selected agro-wastes have good removal potential for U(VI), Zr(IV) and Sr(II) ions containing wastewater.