Although the agricultural use of wastewater raises some environmental and human health concerns, irrigation with wastewater is usually carried out by smallholders in dry areas. The present study reports on the physiological effect of several dilutions of the raw wastewater of the Hudiara drain on Dalbergia sissoo and Eucalyptus camaldulensis plants. Six-month old seedlings were established in pots and irrigated for 18 months with: tap water (control, T 0 ); 25% wastewater (T 1 ); 50% wastewater (T 2 ); 75% wastewater (T 3 ); and 100% wastewater (T 4 ). Results showed that the plant growth parameters decreased as the percent of wastewater increased. At T 4 the shoot length, number of leaves, leaf fresh weight, and leaf oven dry weight were reduced by 17%, 72%, 72%, and 70% in Dalbergia sisoo and 5%, 17%, 23%, and 29% in Eucalyptus camaldulensis plants respectively, compared to the control (T 0 ). The content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll increased in Dalbergia sissoo plants treated with wastewater at 25%, but decreased in the T 2 , T 3 , and T 4 treatments. Whereas chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll increased up to T 2 in E. camaldulensis, in treated pots beyond that percentage, a decline in chlorophyll was observed. As the percentage of wastewater in the treatments increased, the accumulation of Na, Cd and Cr in tissues increased, while the concentration of K, P, Mg, and Fe decreased. Similarly, Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Dalbergia sissoo plants were irrigated with synthetic wastewater containing Cd and Cr for 18 months. Treatments were T 0 = Tap water (control); T 1 = 0.05+1.0 mg L -1 conc. of Cd(II)+ Cr(VI); T 2 = 0.10+2.0 mg L -1 conc. of Cd(II)+ Cr(VI); T 3 = 0.20+4.0 mg L -1 conc. of Cd(II)+ Cr(VI) and T 4 = 0.40+8.0 mg L -1 conc. of Cd(II)+ Cr(VI). Results showed that plants at T 1 grew more compared to the control, but beyond that level, a gradual decline in growth was recorded with a maximum reduction in T 4 treated plants. Cd and Cr accumulation in tissues increased (roots>shoot>leaves) as external metal concentration increased, while nutrient accumulation (K, P, Mg, Fe) and chlorophyll content declined. However, the application of synthetic wastewater containing various concentrations (0, 10, 20, 40 and 80 mg L -1 ) of Cd and Cr on the growth of Dalbergia sissoo at the seedling stage for four weeks under controlled conditions in a growthii chamber (300 μmol m -2 s -1 of photosynthetically active radiation with 16:8 hours photoperiod) revealed a decline in growth after 10 mg L -1 and 40 mg L -1 for Cr and Cd, respectively. A combined application of Cd and Cr wastewater showed a growth reduction at doses above 20 mg L -1 . Results showed that Cr was more toxic to Dalbergia sissoo plants at the seedling stage than Cd. The present study suggests that wastewater from the Hudiara drain diluted to 25% and 50% with tap water is a feasible option for the growth of D. sissoo and E. camaldulensis plants in Lahore, Pakistan. A phytosociological survey using the Braun-Blanquet’s approach was undertaken to investigate the influence of the Hudiara drain wastewater on the surrounding vegetation. Multivariate analysis of vegetation data classified the vegetation into two major communities including, Cynodon dactylon and Boerhaavia diffusa, and Parthenium hysterphorus and Xanthium strumarium groups. The fervent growth of these species designated the area as wasteland. The patterns of floral diversity exhibited considerable variation. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) revealed that the distribution of vegetation correlates with environmental variables, but their role in the grouping of species was not significant. However, soil EC played a role in the grouping of Stellaria media and Fagonia cretic. Similarly, some species, namely Riccinus communis, Boerhaavia diffusa and Phragmites karka showed a correlation with Fe and Cr respectively, suggesting Phragmites karka as a suitable candidate for chromium contaminated sites.
کتاب "شاعری کے خطرات: عراق میں ثقافت، سیاست اور انقلاب"
احمد سہیل
( The Dangers of Poetry: Culture, Politics and Revolution in Iraq)
مصنف: کیون ایم جونز( Kevin M. Jone)
ناشر:اسٹینفورڈ یونیورسٹی پریس، کیلی فورنیا، امریکہ۔
سال اشاعت : ستمبر 2020
عراق کی کلاسیکی شاعری سے لے کر جدید شاعری تک ایک طویل ایک توانا تاریخ موجود ہے۔ خاص کر عراق کی انقلابی اور مزاحمتی شاعری کا مطالعہ کرکے ایک مخصوص انقلابی جمالیات اور جدلیات کی شعری حسیّت دریافت ہوتی ہے۔ زیر نظر کتاب میں عراق کی شاعری کء انقالبی رجحان کے تحت کی جانے والی شاعری کت سیاسی اور ثقافی خطرات کا بڑا عقلی اور تاریخی سیاق میں بہترین تنقیدی جائیزہ لیا گیا۔
یاد رہے پہلی جنگ عظیم کے بعد عراق میں، برطانیہ قابض طاقت تھا۔ بغداد کی حیدر خانہ مسجد میں 1920 میں پیغمبر اسلام (صلی اللہ علیہ وآلہ وسلم) کے یوم ولادت کی ایک تقریب میں نابینا شاعر محمد مہدی البصیر نے منبر سے اپنا شعر سنایا: "وہ آپ کے سامنے اپنی گردنیں جھکا لیں… جب تک وہ تسلیم نہ کریں۔ انہوں نے جو بدعنوانی بوئی ہے / اپنے گناہوں کو چھوڑ دیں اور آپ کی رہنمائی کے لئے سر تسلیم خم کریں۔" البصیر کی کارکردگی نے انگریزوں کو بے چین کر دیا۔ انہیں خدشہ تھا کہ 'اشتعال انگیز' نظمیں سنی-شیعہ تعاون کو آسان بنا سکتی ہیں۔ ان کے خوف میں مزید اضافہ ہوا جب ایک مقامی مخبر نے انہیں بتایا، "میں نے خود بھی وطن کے لیے کچھ کرنے کے لیے ہلچل محسوس کی۔"
البصیر عراقی شاعروں کی ایک لہر کا حصہ تھے جن کی زندگی اور کام کیون جونز کی کتاب The...
This paper examined the pedagogical approaches to the teacher learning of English language in Nigerian secondary schools. However, the paper identified the concepts and types of pedagogical approaches. The factors affecting pedagogical approach for effective teaching and learning of English language. It was therefore concluded that the most effective pedagogical approach for the teaching-learning process of English language is the use of child centredness approach, activity oriented prorgamme it was therefore recommended that teachers should be curriculum. It was noted that effective use of pedagogical approach enhances effective teaching learning of English language especially in Nigerian secondary schools.
Sun is the main source of energy for the earth and other planets. Its activity in one or the other way influences the terrestrial climate. Particularly, the solar activity manifested in the form of sunspots is found to be more influential on the earth’s climate and its magnetosphere. Links of the variability in terrestrial climate, sunspot cycles and associated magnetic cycles have been the concern of many recent studies. The role of the sun and its activities to understand the space weather and the earth’s environment interaction has been the unique importance in all eras. In this dissertation, we have fitted some adequate probability distributions and stochastic modeling on solar activity (particularly sunspots and solar flares) cycles and terrestrialmagnetic (K-index) activity data comparatively. The 24 cycles (1749-2014) of sunspots including 24th cycle that is in progress, last 4 cycles (20, 21, 22 and 23) of solar flares (1966-2008) and terrestrial K-index activity data (1932-2014) are used in the research work. We have compared the solar activity cycles and K-index activity cycles (associated with solar activity cycle) in the perspective of probability distributions. Comparing both the data we have distributed the time series (1932-2014) among 22-year cycle (2 solar cycles) of each. This kind of distribution is based on the period of one magnetic cycle of sun in which polarity is changed after each 11 years. The magnetosphere’s and magnetic field’s variation of earth can be detected and analyzed by the change in K-index data on which earth climate is depends. The geomagnetic activity is the one of the best recorded sign on earth of solar activity variations. It is basically showing a relationship between space weather and earth''s climate.Results obtained in this dissertation show thequasi-regular (persistent) dynamics of solar activity and K-index activity cycles along with the total time series data from the perspective of fractal dimension. Long-range dependence for each activity cycle is also calculated in terms of Hurst exponent. Theoretical instrument is developed between solar and K-index activity cycles to understand their long term relationship. Stochastic modeling is also fitted on the solar activity and K-index cyclic as well as on the total time series data. The result shows the heavy tail for the sunspots and K-index activity time series data used in this dissertation. The stochastic model FARIMA (Fractional Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average) is applied on the cycles along with their total time series data as used time series are long ringing dependence (LRD). FARIMA has a capability to use on short and long term conditions. Fractional differencing parameter and heavy tails parameter are calculated to understand the strength and peak of each cycle. The parameters of FARIMA model are obtained by MLE (Maximum Likelihood Estimator). Goodness-of-fit (AIC, BIC and HIC) are used to select the best fitted model among FARIMA (0, d, 0), (1, d, 0), (0, d, 1) and (1, d, 1). The log - likelihood is also estimated for further verification of significant model. Any time series that have heavy tail, fitting FARIMA modeling for them can be more useful to understand their expected behavior in future. The underlying physics of solar activity and K-index activity cycles is modeled by FARIMA (p, d, q) in this dissertation. Finally, we have analyzed and verified that the sunspots and K-index activities are followed Markov process. Transition matrices for both the activities are estimated to understand their physical behavior in 4 different selected states. Stationarity for stochastic matrices is observed in this dissertation to understand similar physical behavior in the used activity data. 2-dimensional correlation between stochastic matrices of sunspots and K-index activity cycles are calculated to understand how much relationship strong between them. In this connection 2-dimensional correlation is also obtained between sunspots and ENSO data to observe the sunspots effects on the earth’s climate. Bayesian posterior and prior are also observed in the estimated stochastic matrices as Bayesian approach is more adequate to understand the complex in the models. By the results obtained we can say that all the activities used in this dissertation are correlated and predictable. We can use probabilistic and stochastic approach to model them. The topic is wide that we could not cover by single dissertation, the same can be done with other solar, geomagnetic and global indices that we did not use in this research work to understand the space weather and earth climate interaction more intensely.