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Effect of Natural Growth Promoters on the Nutritive Quality and Antioxidant Attributes of Leafy Green Vegetables

Thesis Info

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Author

Maryam Aslam

Program

PhD

Institute

University of Agriculture

City

Faisalabad

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2013

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Chemistry

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/2641/1/2698S.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676725982071

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Epidemiological evidences encourage the suitability of intake of fresh leafy green vegetables to combat against a list of neurodegenerative disorders including diabetes, breast cancers, cardiovascular and other diseases. To meet such targets, the field of agriculture has taken a mold towards the betterment of nutritional status of these vegetables via number of plant growth regulating substances. These economic strategies are implemented to nullify the use of pesticides and other environmental threatening agents. In current study, the application of different plant growth promoters (Moringa leaf extract, 6-Benzyl amino purine, Humic acid, Biofertilizer etc.) was appraised on some leafy green vegetables. Moringa leaf extract, 6-Benzyl amino purine and Humic acid, alone and in conjunction with each other (mixture) were applied in foliar mode while Humic acid (6 h, 9 h, 12 h duration) and Biofertilizer (slurry form) were applied as seed priming treatments. The optimized results of pot study were selected on the basis of antioxidant activity on which field experiment was raised later on. Field experiment included various parameters i.e. soil chemistry analysis, growth parameters, biochemical, proximate and antioxidant attributes. Although all treatments of plant growth regulators improved the efficacy of plant against control samples but Moringa leaf extract proved the potent plant growth regulator amongst all regarding biochemical, proximate, growth parameters and as an antioxidant action. Among other foliar treatments, 6-Benzyl amino purine and mixture treatments yielded comparable results and Humic acid showed the least performance. Among seed priming treatments, Biofertilizer and Humic acid (9 h) treatments showed better performance than rest of the treatments i.e. Humic acid 9 h and 12 h. Urea presence in soil showed improved results than in absence in all cases except in case of antioxidants. Overall study concludes that natural plant growth promoters can be a better and economical substitute of fertilizers in view of environmental deterioration. Moringa leaf extract can be preferred as an effective plant growth promoter due to its inherited composition of vitamins (A, B, C, E etc.), minerals (Na, Mn, Mg, K, P, Ca, S, Zn, Fe, Cu etc.), cytokinins, humic acid and other suitable bioactives.
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وہی ہم ہیں، وہی تم ہو ، وہی دل کی تمنا ہے

وہی ہم ہیں، وہی تم ہو، وہی دل کی تمنا ہے
تمھارے قرب کی سب خوشبوئوں کا بھید پانا ہے

تمھارے نام سے آباد ہے یہ بزمِ ہستی بھی
تمھارے دم سے ہی یہ موسمِ گل کا فسانہ ہے

وفائے گل کے سب قصے بھی ہیں منسوب تم ہی سے
تمھی سے بلبلوں نے عاشقی کا راز جانا ہے

نظر انداز کرنے کا ہنر تم نے کہاں سیکھا
بہت بیداد گر ہو تم، تمھیں اتنا بتانا ہے

زمینِ دل پہ آج اترو صبا ہے منتظر کب سے
فضاؔ بھی کیف پرور ہے بڑا موسم سہانا ہے

امن کے حوالہ سے اسلام پر کئے جانے والے اعتراضات و شبہات کا جائزہ

In the present age, a great conflict has become the source of clash between Islām and the rest of the world, especially, the western world. The world of Islām is accused of having and breeding the fanatical elements, who help promote terrorism in the world. The Western world and the media leave no opportunity to malign the name of the most peaceful religion of the world. This article illumines that Islām is a peace loving religion and does not approve terrorism. Those elements, involved in disrupting peace are not the true representative of Islām. They make a very minor portion of the Islamic world. The majority of Muslims are peace loving people and they need to be given a due coverage by the media. This research article is an attempt to present a very soft, peaceful and noble image of Islām before the world, especially, the western world. The two main sources of Islām: al-Qur’ān and the sayings of the Prophet of Islām, the prophet Muḥammadﷺ, have been quoted extensively, to prove that the religion and the meanings of the world, ‘Islām’, all reflect peace, fraternity, friendship and altruism. The Western scholars have also been quoted appropriately to support the said premise.

Plasma Processing of Materials Using Plasma Focus

The work presented in this thesis addresses the parametric study of ion beams emitted from Mather type plasma focus devices and their flourishing utilization in materials processing. Experiments have been performed by using two different plasma focus devices; a conventional 2.3 kJ plasma focus device developed under the joint venture of the United Nations University (UNU) and the Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) designated as the UNU/ICTP device operational at the GC University Lahore and a modified version called the Nanyang X-ray source-2 designated as the NX2 device (a repetitive plasma focus) operational at the National Institute of Education (NIE), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore. The measurements of ion parameters such as energy, energy distribution, number density and current density are carried out in the ambient gas pressure by employing a BPX65 photodiode and a Faraday cup (FC) using time of flight technique. A major motivation is to establish the optimum processing conditions for ion nitriding, surface modification, phase changes and carburizing of materials of industrial interest like Ti, AlFe 1.8 Zn 0.8 alloy and SS-321 in plasma environment. The processed samples are characterized for structural and morphological changes, compositional profile and surface hardness by employing X-ray diffraction (XRD) at GC University Lahore, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) at University of Peshawar, field emission SEM (FESEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) at the NIE NTU Singapore, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) at the National University of Singapore (NUS) Singapore, Raman spectroscopy and Vickers microhardness test at Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan. The SRIM code and microindentation measurements are used to estimate the depth profile of the modified layers. Nanocrystalline spatially uniform TiN thin films with petal like features are developed on Ti substrates exposed to 30 focus shots at various axial positions. The surface roughness and the relative proportion of the TiN films are strongly influenced by the ion beam energy flux. The film acquires eminent appearance with maximum relative proportion of nitrogen at 7 cm axial position. The probable energy of the ions reaching this position is 64 keV with the maximum ion number density of 5.9 ́10 13 cm -3 . The corresponding energy flux and current density are 2.69 ́10 13 keV cm -3 nsec -1 and 1142 A cm -2 viiirespectively. The grain size of the film is estimated to be about 90 nm while the compound layer thickness is about 0.66 μm. The surface microhardness is also maximum at this axial position with typical value of 7650±10 MPa. The SEM images of a typical microcracked TiN thin film and the SRIM code estimations of ion penetration help in understanding the growth mechanism of the film in terms of ion dose. The granular nanostructures appearing on the substrate surface are grown from nucleates of a few nm size developed by the energetic ions induced collision cascades. The predeposited nitride layer or nitrogen ions interstitially implanted into the substrate surface are also redistributed by the successive pulses of the ion beams leading to layer densification along with possible resputtering. Moreover, the temperature evolution during the DPF ions irradiation also enhances the reactivity of the nitrogen already introduced during the preceding pulses. The residual tensile stresses on the sample surface are transformed to the compressive stresses after DPF ion irradiation. Nitrogen ions induced surface changes in AlFe 1.8 Zn 0.8 alloy are investigated as functions of axial and angular positions for 30 shots. The expanded fcc phase of Al is evolved owing to the incorporation of nitrogen along with Fe and Zn into the Al lattice. A comparatively smooth and crack free nitride layer is formed on the sample treated at 7 cm axial and 10 0 angular position with 4- to 5-fold increase in Vickers hardness. TiN 0.9 and (Fe,Cr) 2 N are deposited on SS-321 along with formation of non-stoichiometric (Fe,Cr) x N phase by exposing the samples to multiple focus shots in nitrogen plasma at different axial and radial positions. The transformation from (Fe,Cr) x N to (Fe,Cr) 2 N is attributed to an increased nitrogen ion dose. The point-like structures of flakes reveal the nucleation of crystal growth with the increased ion doses. The nitride layer is golden in colour and is spatially uniform with improved surface hardness. Multiphase nanocrystalline titanium oxycarbide TiC x O y thin films composed of TiC 2 , TiO 0.325 , Ti 2 O 3 and carbon phases are deposited on titanium substrate in CH 4 discharges by the UNU/ICTP and the NX2 devices. The nanocomposite films are non-porous and microcrack-free with grain-like surface morphology having spatially uniform carbon distribution. XRD, Raman and XPS results reveal the favorable evolution of multiphase coatings having a stoichiometric TiC 2 phase and graphitic carbon adsorbates along with ixthe residual oxide (TiO 0.325 , Ti 2 O 3 ) phases with the lower energy flux and lower repetition rate in the UNU/ICTP treatment. Whereas, the deposition of carbon and a non- stoichiometric TiO 0.325 phase is favored due to the improved oxide removal and enhanced disorder in the substrate surface during the NX2 treatment. In addition, TiC 2 phase is also suppressed, possibly due to the enhanced substrate temperature caused by the higher energy flux of the ion beams and the higher repetition rate. The granular profile of the films attains a definite coagulation pattern. The energy flux of the ion beam and the repetition rate are found to be critical parameters which influence the preferred evolution of a particular phase during the restructuring of various phases.