Epidemiological evidences encourage the suitability of intake of fresh leafy green vegetables to combat against a list of neurodegenerative disorders including diabetes, breast cancers, cardiovascular and other diseases. To meet such targets, the field of agriculture has taken a mold towards the betterment of nutritional status of these vegetables via number of plant growth regulating substances. These economic strategies are implemented to nullify the use of pesticides and other environmental threatening agents. In current study, the application of different plant growth promoters (Moringa leaf extract, 6-Benzyl amino purine, Humic acid, Biofertilizer etc.) was appraised on some leafy green vegetables. Moringa leaf extract, 6-Benzyl amino purine and Humic acid, alone and in conjunction with each other (mixture) were applied in foliar mode while Humic acid (6 h, 9 h, 12 h duration) and Biofertilizer (slurry form) were applied as seed priming treatments. The optimized results of pot study were selected on the basis of antioxidant activity on which field experiment was raised later on. Field experiment included various parameters i.e. soil chemistry analysis, growth parameters, biochemical, proximate and antioxidant attributes. Although all treatments of plant growth regulators improved the efficacy of plant against control samples but Moringa leaf extract proved the potent plant growth regulator amongst all regarding biochemical, proximate, growth parameters and as an antioxidant action. Among other foliar treatments, 6-Benzyl amino purine and mixture treatments yielded comparable results and Humic acid showed the least performance. Among seed priming treatments, Biofertilizer and Humic acid (9 h) treatments showed better performance than rest of the treatments i.e. Humic acid 9 h and 12 h. Urea presence in soil showed improved results than in absence in all cases except in case of antioxidants. Overall study concludes that natural plant growth promoters can be a better and economical substitute of fertilizers in view of environmental deterioration. Moringa leaf extract can be preferred as an effective plant growth promoter due to its inherited composition of vitamins (A, B, C, E etc.), minerals (Na, Mn, Mg, K, P, Ca, S, Zn, Fe, Cu etc.), cytokinins, humic acid and other suitable bioactives.
One of the primary goals of this study was to explore how a budget review approach may affect Nigeria's economic development. The reasoning was that the Nigerian economy was being challenged by a variety of imbalances in budget creation and implementation. The study strategy was based on events that occurred after the study was completed, and the data used in the study came from the Central Bank Statistical Bulletin and the Federal Ministry of Finance. A model was constructed based on both empirical and theoretical investigations in order to achieve this broad goal. The HDI, which was utilized as a measure of development, was the dependent variable in the model. The government's capital budget, recurrent budget, and the speed of annual budget implementation were the other independent variables in the model. They examined data using the Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Model, diagnostic tests such as the test of normality, auto correlation test, and heteroskedasticity test, which proved the validity and reliability of the model they chose; inferential results reveal that the use of budget evaluation had a positive and significant impact on the Nigerian economy. According to the study's suggestions, Nigeria's government should try to increase capital and recurrent expenditures in its annual budget, both of which have a significant impact on economic development. Finally, the government should work to build budget monitoring and review infrastructure that will aid in the effective implementation of large budget expenditures while also ensuring compliance with legal procedures.
The whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius; Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is a highly invasive insect pest and is considered a cryptic species complex. This study was conducted to investigate the diversity and distribution of whiteflies of the B. tabaci species complex in Pakistan, and also to investigate the diversity endosymbionts and viruses harboured. Using a well-established, PCR-based cloning and sequencing of a mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (mtCOI) marker, six biotypes Asia II 8, Asia II 7, Asia II 5, Asia II 1, Asia 1, and MEAM 1” were identified in Pakistan. Asia II-1 was found to be the most common biotype present and thus may possibly be the most important vector of the begomovirus complex which causes cotton leaf curl disease in Pakistan. The study also highlighted changes in the prevalent biotypes in some regions in the country. Using the 16S general and specific primers, in conjunction with sequencing, six endosymbionts (Arsenophonus, Cardinium, Hamiltonella, Rickettsia, and Wolbachia) were identified. Arsenophonus found to be associated with Asia II-1 while Hamiltonella was associated with the MEAM-1. The presence and prevalence of each symbiont varied in different biotypes and also varied between regions. Endosymbionts are important in virus-vector interactions. A number of distinct begomovirus species were identified with Cotton leaf curl Burewala virus, the most prevalent virus causing CLCuD in Pakistan at this time, the frequently identified. The levels of viral and betasatellite DNA were measured at 2 weekly intervals in B. tabaci collected from cotton using a quantitative PCR assay during the cotton growing seasons of 2014, 2015 and 2016. Although there were differences between the three years, in general, it was found that the level of betasatellite rises during the cotton growing season whereas the level of virus initially rises and then decreases at the end of the season. For both virus and betasatellite the DNA levels are very low initially, when there are no CLCuD symptoms in the crop, indicating that the initial inoculum is low. This comprehensive study provides the basis for the design of vector/virus control strategies which can be tested using the methodologies devised and implemented during the study.